Ch 6 Tour of the cell Flashcards
Basic features of all cells
Plasma membrane
Semi fluid cytosol
Chromosomes (genes)
Ribosomes (make protiens)
Animal cell specific organelles
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Plant cell specific organelles
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Cell wall
Nucleus
Houses DNA &
Proteins from genetic material called chromatin
Largest organelle in the cell
Nucleus structure
Nuclear envolope (double lipid membrane) Pores (holes that regulate passage) Nucleolus (makes ribosomes)
Ribosomes
Use info from DNA to make proteins
Both inside the cytosol or bound to the ER
Endomembrane system
Everythin outside the nuclear membrane
Endomembrane componants
Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrame
Vesicles
Small membrane enclosed pouches that transport molecules around a cell or from one cell to another
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Accounts for > half the cells membrane
Attached to the nuclear envelope
Rough and smooth ER
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes Makes lipids stores calcium Metabolizes carbohydrates Detox of poisons/drugs
Rough ER
Has bound ribosomes which make glycoproteins
Makes phospholipids
Makes proteins that ernter the ER and will leave the cell
Transport vesicles
Membrane enclosed transport unit that takes proteins fron rough ER to other cells
Golgi Apparatus
Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
modifies proteins and phospholipids from ER
Makes macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport units to go out
Lysosome
membrane sac of digestive enzymes that breaks down proteins, polysaccarides, fats and nucleic acids through hydrolysis.
Types of Vacuoles
Food vacuoles
contractile vacuoles
central vacuoles
Food vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis: the cell membrane captures food outdie the cell and pulls it in, the cell membrane forms around the food and forms a vacuole.
Contractile vacuole
Found in fresh water protists, pump excess water out of the cell.
Central vacuoles
Found in mature plant cell and hold organic compounds in water.
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration by converting glucose to ATP (only molecule on earth used for energy)
Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer membrane with a folded inner membrane (cristea) to increase surface and and ATP production
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plants and algae
convert sunlight to glucose through photosythesis
Chloroplast structure
Typically 2 membranes around a fluid stroma which contains membraneous thylakoids stacked into grana
Cytoskeleton
network of fibes extending though the cytoplasm and connecting the organelles and plasma membrane. Organizes structure activities and anchoring of organelles.
Centrosomes
Microtubial organizing center with centrioles which grow out by the nucleus
Extracellular structures
Cell walls of plants
Extracellular matrix in animal cells
Intracellular junctions
Cell walls
Protects, maintains shape and prevents excessive water uptake.
Make of cellulose fibers embedded in proteins.
Prokaryotes, fungi and some portists have cell walls too
Intracellular junctions
Plasmademata
Desmosomes
Tight junction
Gap junctions
Plasmademata
Channels that perforate cell walls and allow water and small solutes to pass freely
Desmosomes
Anchoring joints, fasten cells together into strong sheets
Tight junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells that press together preventing leakage of extra cellular fluids.
Gap junctions
Communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between other cells.
