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Bio 311 C > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A

a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide or RNA molecule

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1
Q

translation

A

the second step of gene expression during which a polypeptide chain is produced from an mRNA molecule

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1
Q

mutation

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a segment of DNA that codes for a gene product

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2
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which gene products are synthesized by a cell

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2
Q

reading frame

A

the correct grouping of codons in mRNA that produces the intended polypeptide sequence; determined by the start codon and can be shifted by the addition or deletion of nucleotides in DNA

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2
Q

ribosomes

A

cellular structures that bind to mRNA and provide the location for the assembly of the corresponding polypeptide chain

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2
Q

mutagen

A

a physical or chemical agent such as X rays, ultraviolet radiation, and carcinogens (e.g.:benzene), that causes mutations in DNA

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3
Q

genetic code

A

specific sequences of nucleotide bases in mRNA, arranged in codons that correspond to each of the 20 different amino acids

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3
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol

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3
Q

base-pair substitution

A

the replacing of one base pair with another in DNA

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4
Q

template strand

A

one of the two strands of DNA that provides the instructions for building a polypeptide chain; also called the anti-sense strand or non-coding strand

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4
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a type of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol

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4
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

a type of RNA found in ribosomes that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during the process of translation

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4
Q

point mutation

A

a change in just one nucleotide in the coding strand of DNA

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5
Q

coding strand

A

the sequence of DNA analogous to the mRNA produced from the template strand; also called the sense strand

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5
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during the process of translation

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5
Q

missense mutation

A

a mutation in DNA that results in the replacement of one amino acid by another

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6
Q

degeneracy/redundancy

A

the property of the genetic code that allows for a single amino acid to be coded for by multiple codons; the code is unambiguous such that any particular codon will never code for different amino acids

6
Q

polyribosome

A

several ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA

6
Q

nonsense mutation

A

a mutation in DNA that results in the early termination of translation

7
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of nucleotides in tRNA complementary to a codon in mRNA

7
Q

poly-A tail

A

a sequence of 100 to 300 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of pre-mRNA to assist in the export of mRNA from the nucleus

7
Q

start codon

A

a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA (AUG) that provides the code for the first amino acid (Methionine) during translation

7
Q

frameshift mutation

A

a mutation that alters the reading frame of the mRNA molecule

8
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template

8
Q

stop codon

A

a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA), which signals the termination of translation

8
Q

silent mutation

A

a mutation in DNA that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

9
Q

promoter

A

a nucleotide sequence found in the template strand of DNA that includes the site where transcription by RNA polymerase will begin

9
Q

spliceosome

A

an RNA-protein complex that cuts out introns and joins together exons during pre-mRNA processing

10
Q

TATA box

A

a sequence of nucleotides found in the promoter region of eukaryotic genes that is recognized by transcription factors

11
Q

terminator

A

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that signals the end of transcription

11
Q

exons

A

nucleotide sequences in eukaryotic genes that code for amino acids

12
Q

transcription factors

A

in eukaryotic organisms, proteins that facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence

13
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid

13
Q

alternative splicing

A

variation in the splicing of exons for a given mRNA that produces two or more different polypeptide sequences from the same gene

14
Q

transcription

A

the first step of gene expression during which a complementary mRNA molecule is produced from the DNA template strand

16
Q

pre-mRNA

A

in eukaryotic organisms, the product of transcription before any RNA processing has occurred; also called the primary transcript

18
Q

5′ cap

A

a chemically-modified guanosine triphosphate that is added to the 5’ end of pre-mRNA to facilitate binding by ribosomes and to provide protection from enzymes that break down RNA

20
Q

RNA splicing

A

introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together during this process

22
Q

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP)

A

RNA-protein molecules that bind to other proteins to form a spliceosome

24
Q

introns

A

non-coding nucleotide sequences in eukaryotic genes that are removed during RNA processing

26
Q

aminoacyl t-RNA synthetases

A

enzymes that catalyze the addition of an amino acid to a corresponding tRNA molecule

27
Q

RNA processing

A

in eurkaryotic organisms pre-mRNA is modified before it leaves the nucleus: introns are removed, exons are spliced together, and a 5’ cap and poly-A-tail are added

Bio 311 C (11 decks)

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