Biology Ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards
What are the emergent properties of life?
reproduction, growth and development, order and structure, metabolism, respiration, response to enviornment stimuli, adaptation and evolution, autonomous movement
What is the biological hierarchy?
atoms < molecules < macromolecules < parts of cells < cells < tissues < organs < organ systems < multicellular organisms < population < ecosystem < biomes < biosphere
Name the 3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
diverse group of unicellular bacteria; prokayotic (no nucleus)
Archaea
archaebacteria; prokaryotic but has some structures found in eukaryotic cells; can survive in extreme conditions
Eukarya
eukaryotes with true nuclei
Name the 4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
emergent property
function or characteristic present at a given level of complexity, not present at the next lowest level
cohesion
the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other
adhesion
the tendency of water molecules to stick to other polar molecules
hydroxyl group
a functional group made of one oxygen and one hydrogen; polar and easily soluble in water; molecules with hydroxyl groups are generally called alcohols (almost all carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)
carbonyl group
a functional group made of a single double-bonded oxygen; slightly polar; if it is at the end of an organic molecule, it’s an aldehyde… if it’s in the middle, it’s a ketone (simple sugars and some proteins and nucleotides)
carboxyl
a functional group made of a double-bonded oxygen, one single-bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen; acidic group, increases [H+] of a solution (all amino acids and proteins)
amino group
a functional group containing nitrogen and hydrogen; can act as a base by accepting protons (all amino acids, proteins, and some nucleotides)
phosphate group
a functional group containing phosphorus and oxygen; highly polar; important in energy compounds like ATP (DNA, RNA, and all nucleotides)
methyl group
a functional group containing carbon and hydrogen; non-polar, affect solubility (alcohols, fatty acids, some amino acids and nucleotides)
carbon skeleton
a carbon and hydrogen structure to which functional groups are attached
functional group
portion of a molecule with defined chemical properties
isomer
alternate form of a molecule, differing in shape but not chemical composition.
structural isomer
isomer resulting from changes to the overall bonding pattern of a molecule
geometric isomer
isomer resulting from changes next to a double bond; bonding pattern remains the same in both isomers but spatial orientation is different
optical isomer
isomer resulting from changes next to an asymmetric carbon; isomers are mirror images of each other
isotope
contain the same number of protons of the element, but a varied number of neutrons
cellulose
polysaccharide used for structure by plants
