Biology Ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the emergent properties of life?

A

reproduction, growth and development, order and structure, metabolism, respiration, response to enviornment stimuli, adaptation and evolution, autonomous movement

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2
Q

What is the biological hierarchy?

A

atoms < molecules < macromolecules < parts of cells < cells < tissues < organs < organ systems < multicellular organisms < population < ecosystem < biomes < biosphere

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3
Q

Name the 3 domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

diverse group of unicellular bacteria; prokayotic (no nucleus)

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5
Q

Archaea

A

archaebacteria; prokaryotic but has some structures found in eukaryotic cells; can survive in extreme conditions

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6
Q

Eukarya

A

eukaryotes with true nuclei

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7
Q

Name the 4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

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8
Q

emergent property

A

function or characteristic present at a given level of complexity, not present at the next lowest level

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9
Q

cohesion

A

the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other

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10
Q

adhesion

A

the tendency of water molecules to stick to other polar molecules

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11
Q

hydroxyl group

A

a functional group made of one oxygen and one hydrogen; polar and easily soluble in water; molecules with hydroxyl groups are generally called alcohols (almost all carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)

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12
Q

carbonyl group

A

a functional group made of a single double-bonded oxygen; slightly polar; if it is at the end of an organic molecule, it’s an aldehyde… if it’s in the middle, it’s a ketone (simple sugars and some proteins and nucleotides)

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13
Q

carboxyl

A

a functional group made of a double-bonded oxygen, one single-bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen; acidic group, increases [H+] of a solution (all amino acids and proteins)

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14
Q

amino group

A

a functional group containing nitrogen and hydrogen; can act as a base by accepting protons (all amino acids, proteins, and some nucleotides)

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15
Q

phosphate group

A

a functional group containing phosphorus and oxygen; highly polar; important in energy compounds like ATP (DNA, RNA, and all nucleotides)

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16
Q

methyl group

A

a functional group containing carbon and hydrogen; non-polar, affect solubility (alcohols, fatty acids, some amino acids and nucleotides)

17
Q

carbon skeleton

A

a carbon and hydrogen structure to which functional groups are attached

18
Q

functional group

A

portion of a molecule with defined chemical properties

19
Q

isomer

A

alternate form of a molecule, differing in shape but not chemical composition.

20
Q

structural isomer

A

isomer resulting from changes to the overall bonding pattern of a molecule

21
Q

geometric isomer

A

isomer resulting from changes next to a double bond; bonding pattern remains the same in both isomers but spatial orientation is different

22
Q

optical isomer

A

isomer resulting from changes next to an asymmetric carbon; isomers are mirror images of each other

23
Q

isotope

A

contain the same number of protons of the element, but a varied number of neutrons

24
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide used for structure by plants

25
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide used for storage by plants

26
Q

amylose

A

unbranched starch

27
Q

amylopectin

A

branched starch

28
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide used for storage in humans

29
Q

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond found in glycogen and starch

30
Q

Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond found in cellulose

31
Q

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage

A

a branch point in glycogen and amylopectin

32
Q

glucose

A

a hexose and an aldose

33
Q

fructose

A

a hexose and a ketose

34
Q

sucrose

A

a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

35
Q

lactose

A

a disaccharide made of glucose and galactose

36
Q

maltose

A

a disaccharide made of two glucose monomers

37
Q

ribose

A

a pentose and an aldose

38
Q

deoxyribose

A

a pentose with one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose

39
Q

Relation between properties of water and H-bonding

A

Cohesive due to constant forming and breaking of H-bonds, high specific heat due to strength of H-bonds, high heat of vaporization due to strength of H-bonds, expansion when freezing because H-bonds b/t molecules keep each one farther apart