Exam 3: Metabolism and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical reactions that occur in living cells through various pathways that utilize enzymes

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2
Q

catabolism

A

a specific type of metabolism that breaks down molecules to release energy

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3
Q

anabolism

A

a specific type of metabolism that uses energy to construct molecules for use in the cell

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4
Q

potential energy

A

the energy in a system due to the position or arrangement of the system

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy in a system due to motion

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6
Q

Gibb’s free energy

A

the amount of available potential energy in a system, or the amount of work that can be extracted from the system

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7
Q

enthalpy

A

the total energy of a system

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8
Q

entropy

A

the disorder of a system; systems tend toward increased entropy

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9
Q

spontaneous process

A

a reaction that will occur without the addition of external energy; the rate of the reaction is not related to its spontaneity; includes exergonic reactions

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10
Q

nonspontaneous process

A

a reaction that needs additional energy to proceed; includes endergonic reactions

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11
Q

exergonic reaction

A

a reaction in which energy flows from the system to the environment; exergonic reactions are spontaneous

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12
Q

endergonic reaction

A

a reaction in which energy flows from the environment to the system; endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous

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13
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that increase the rate of reactions, usually by lowering the activation energy

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14
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy needed in order to catalyze a chemical reaction

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15
Q

substrate

A

molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme and forms a substrate-enzyme complex

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16
Q

product

A

the molecule that is released from an enzyme after a reaction is catalyzed

17
Q

active site

A

the part of an enzyme where a substrate binds; recognizes substrates specific to the enzyme

18
Q

allosteric site

A

a site on the enzyme (not the active site) to which molecules can bind

19
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

inhibits the function of an enzyme by binding to the active site and preventing the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex

20
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

inhibits the function of an enzyme by preventing the enzyme-substrate complex from completing the reaction and producing a product

21
Q

allosteric activator

A

a molecule that binds to an allosteric site and increases the affinity of the active site for the substrate

22
Q

allosteric inhibitor

A

a molecule that binds to an allosteric site and decreases the affinity of the active site for the substrate

23
Q

feedback inhibition

A

inhibition that occurs when a product of the enzymatic reaction binds to and inhibits the same enzyme

24
Q

cofactors

A

an organic or inorganic molecule that binds to a protein and facilitates its biological function

25
Q

coenzymes

A

an organic cofactor that binds to enzymes, often at the active site, to facilitate enzymatic activity