Exam 3: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy

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2
Q

mesophyll

A

the chlorplastic parenchyma tissue where photosynthesis occurs; located between the two outer tissues of the leaf

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3
Q

bundle-sheath cell

A

photosynthetic cells packed into tight sheaths that protect leaf veins

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4
Q

mesophyll cell

A

photosynthetic cells associated with bundle sheath cells;

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5
Q

stoma

A

a pore formed by two guard cells in the epidermis of a plant that allows for gas exchange

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6
Q

thylakoid

A

a membrane-bound compartment where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place; form stacks called grana

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7
Q

stroma

A

the colorless liquid found within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana

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8
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment found in plant cells that allows plants to collect light energy for use in photosynthesis

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9
Q

carotenoid

A

a yellow-orange pigment found in plant cells that absorb blue light for use in photosynthesis

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10
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, starting with short gamma waves and ending with long radio waves

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11
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between each repeat of the wave’s shape

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12
Q

absorption spectrum

A

the variation in the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths

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13
Q

action spectrum

A

the variation in how effective light is at driving photosynthesis at different wavelengths

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14
Q

visible light

A

the range of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to human eye

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15
Q

photon

A

the basic unit of light; contains energy utilized in photosynthesis

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16
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures wavelengths of length

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17
Q

photosystem

A

protein complex containing light-absorbing pigments where photosynthesis takes place

18
Q

photosystem I (PS I)

A

a protein complex that uses light energy to synthesize NADPH; contains an antenna complex and a reaction center

19
Q

photosystem II (PS II)

A

a protein complex that uses light energy to synthesize ATP; contains an antenna complex and a reaction center

20
Q

light-harvesting complex (antenna complex)

A

part of the photosystem; contains chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments

21
Q

reaction center

A

contains two chlorophyll a molecules that absorb light

22
Q

chlorophyll a

A

a photosynthetic pigment that serves as a primary electron donor in the electron transport chain

23
Q

chlorophyll b

A

– a photosynthetic pigment found only in plants and green algae

24
Q

light reaction

A

the first step in photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy; takes place on the thylakoid membrane

25
Q

electron transport chain

A

facilities the conversion of light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy in photosynthesis by transferring electrons from a donor to an acceptor and generating ATP

26
Q

NADP+

A

the last molecule in the electron transport chain of the light reactions; used to create a proton gradient in chloroplasts

27
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

accepts the electron from chlorophyll and donates it to the electron transport chain

28
Q

photophosphorylation

A

the synthesis of ATP using light energy transported through the electron transport chain

29
Q

cyclic electron flow

A

an electron transport pathway that produces ATP without NADPH; associated with photosystem I

30
Q

noncyclic electron flow

A

an electron pathway where electrons travel one-way from H2O to NADP+

31
Q

ATP synthase

A

a membrane-spanning protein complex that uses the transport of protons across the membrane to produce ATP

32
Q

proton gradient

A

a difference in potential on either side of the plasma membrane created by the active transport of protons through proton pumps

33
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in matter as a result of its position or configuration; can be used to do work

34
Q

Calvin Cycle (light-independent reaction)

A

the second step of photosynthesis where electrons are used to convert inorganic CO2 into organic CO2

35
Q

carbon fixation

A

the transformation of inorganic atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules (e.g.: glucose)

36
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

A

produced during the Calvin cycle from two molecules of GP (which were produced in the first step of the light-independent reactions)

37
Q

photorespiration

A

metabolic process where RuBP has O2 added instead of CO2

38
Q

RUBISCO

A

enzyme that catalyzes reaction of RuBP with either O2 or CO2 in the first step of carbon fixation

39
Q

CAM plant

A

uses the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway to produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle; both processes occur in the mesophyll, but at a different time of day; adapted to surviving in dry, hot conditions

40
Q

C3 plant

A

depends on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle); cannot grown in hot areas

41
Q

C4 plant

A

uses a C4 pathway to fix CO2 into oxaloacetate and produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle