Cell Structure and Function: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

plasma membrane

A

the phospholipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of any cell, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

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2
Q

cell wall

A

a fairly rigid polysaccharide supportive and protective layer that lies outside the plasma membrane of all plant cells

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

the contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus

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4
Q

cytosol

A

the water-based fluid component of the cytoplasm

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5
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a complex network of protein filaments found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells that maintains a cell’s shape and is necessary for cell division, signaling, and movement

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6
Q

extracellular matrix

A

functions in the support and protection of the cell, as well as in cell-cell communication and association

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7
Q

organelle

A

a discrete, membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structure with a specific function

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8
Q

nucleus

A

the organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic blueprint of DNA organized into chromatin and chromosomes

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9
Q

histones

A

proteins found in the nucleus that function in the packaging of chromatin

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10
Q

nucleolus

A

a region of the nucleus that specializes in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, ribosomal proteins (imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis), and ribosomal subunit assembly

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11
Q

Vesicle

A

a small, membrane-enclosed sac found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

a water-filled sac that serves various functions in the cell, including transport, structural support, and isolation of waste and harmful materials; formed from the fusion of smaller vesicles

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13
Q

central vacuole

A

a large membranous sac in a mature plant cell that helps to maintain cell shape and can be used to store nutrients and anti-herbivory chemicals

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14
Q

lysosome

A

specialized vesicle with an acidic lumen containing enzymes that break down macromolecules and bacterial cell walls

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen (H2) from various substrates to oxygen (O2) producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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16
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle found in plants and algae that is the primary site of photosynthesis and is also involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids; capable of autonomous replication

17
Q

mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)

A

an organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and is also involved in regulated cell death; capable of autonomous replication

18
Q

crista (pl. cristae)

A

folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

19
Q

ribosome

A

a cellular structure composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized; can be either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or free in the cytosol

20
Q

rough ER

A

a region of the endoplasmic reticulum that specializes in protein synthesis; “rough” because of the ribosomes attached to its surface

21
Q

smooth ER

A

a region of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for lipid synthesis; “smooth” because it lacks attached ribosomes

22
Q

golgi apparatus

A

an organelle that routes proteins and lipids to various parts of the eukaryotic cell from the ER and synthesizes certain cellular products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates

23
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibers that stabilize cell structure—for example, maintaining the position of the nucleus and other organelles—composed of helical subunits of fibrous proteins

24
Q

microfilaments

A

two actin polymers that function in cell shape, muscle action with myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, cell division and motility, and anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane

25
Q

microtubules

A

cylinders made of tubulin that function in motility (e.g.: flagella and cilia), support of cell shape, or transport of chromosomes and vesicles

26
Q

cilium (pl. cilia)

A

a hair-like structure found in some eukaryotes that uses a rowing motion to propel the organism or to move fluid over cells

27
Q

flagellum (pl. flagella)

A

a long cellular extension that lashes and enables that cell to move (structure differently than prokaryotic flagella)