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Biochemistry > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

what is the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

A

a single gene codes for one enzyme

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2
Q

DNa dependent synthesis of RNA or the use of DNA as a template to synthesize RNA

A

transcription

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3
Q

percent of genes in prokaryotes

A

3-30%

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4
Q

percent of genes in eukaryotes

A

1-10%

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5
Q

a sequence of 20-200 bases “upstream” from a gene that serves as a recognition site for binding RNA polymerase

A

promoter

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6
Q

promoter contains these regions that identify the region as a promoter

A

consensus sequeces

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7
Q

where are the consensus sequences located

A

-35 and -10 nucleotides from the promoter

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8
Q

the promoter occurs on the ____ strand

A

nontemplate

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9
Q

the enzyme that “reads” DNA to synthesize RNA

A

RNA polymerase

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10
Q

core enzyme of RNA polymerase

A

two alphas
beta
beta prime
omega

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11
Q

subunit for DNA binding

A

beta prime

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12
Q

subunit for the catalytic site

A

beta

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13
Q

subunit that deals with promoter binding, assembly and regulation

A

alpha

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14
Q

subunit that deals with structural role, restores activity

A

omega

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15
Q

promoter recognition that transiently bind to core enzyme to allow binding to correct strand and initiation site

A

sigma factor

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16
Q

three stages of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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17
Q

RNA polymerase binds to promoter causing _____ and _____

A

strand separation and unwinding

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18
Q

Initiation is complete after

A

about 10 NTPs have been added

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19
Q

what continues as the sigma factor falls away

A

elongation

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20
Q

An ATP dependent helicase that catalyzes the unwinding of RNA:DNA duplex hybrids during transcription to promote termination of prokaryotic transcription

A

Rho factor

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21
Q

terminator makes this structure in prokaryotes

A

hairpin structures

22
Q

five points about eukaryotic transcription

A
  1. three different RNA polymerase that cannot initiate transcription
  2. promoters are more complex that consensus sequences
  3. initiation requires many transcription factors to activate RNA polymerase
  4. regulatory elements modify gene expression
  5. transcripts require considerable processing prior to translation
23
Q

location and function of RNA polymerase I in eukaryotes

A

located in nucleolus

transcribes large rRNAs

24
Q

location and function of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes

A

located in nucleus

transcribes mRNAs and snRNAs

25
Q

location and function of RNA polymerase III in eukaryotes

A

located in the nucleus

transcribes tRNAs and 5s rRNAs

26
Q

position and description of TATA box

A

-25

indicates transcription start site

27
Q

position and description of CAAT box

A

-50

indicates “strong” promoter (makes a lot of mRNA)

28
Q

location and description of GC box

A

-80

indicates “housekeeping” genes

29
Q

code for proteins needed all the time

A

housekeeping genes

30
Q

eukaryotic initiation involves

A

several transcription factors

31
Q

transcription factors sequentially bind to

A

TATA region and polymerase

32
Q

polymerase complex binds to

A

promoter

33
Q

activates polymerase via phosphorylation and transcription begins

A

TFIIH

34
Q

a short segment of DNA near eukaryotic promoters that bind transcription of certain genes

A

enhancers

35
Q

what allows for the interaction with RNA polymerase

A

formation of DNA loop

36
Q

do mRNA’s require processing in prokaryotes

A

no

37
Q

three main types of mRNA processing in eukaryotes

A

5’ capping
3’ polyadenylation
splicing

38
Q

addition of 7-methyl guanosine to the 5’ end

A

5’ capping

39
Q

the addition of 100-250 adenylate residues to the 3’ end

A

3’ polyadenylation

40
Q

the removal of introns and ligation of exons

A

splicing

41
Q

two characteristics of 5’ cap

A
  1. methylguanosine linked via 5’ to 5’ triphosphate

2. 2’ OH’s of up to 3 neucleotides are methylated

42
Q

5’ cap serves as a

A

recognition site for ribosome attachment and prevents transcript degradation by exonucleases

43
Q

what is the termination sequence of eukaryotic RNAs

A

AAUAAA

44
Q

two big functions of the poly A tail

A

help direct mRNA’s out of the nucleus

protects 3’ end from exonuclease degradation

45
Q

what does the length of the poly A tail say about the RNA

A

describes its longevity

46
Q

pre-mRNAs have short nucleotide sequences at the end of introns that serve as

A

splicing signals

47
Q

recognize consensus splice sites via RNA base pairing

A

snRNPs

48
Q

what makes a spliceosome

A

several snRNPs join together

49
Q

job of spliceosomes

A

cut out and attaches exon ends together

50
Q

where does RNA splicing occur

A

in in the nucleus

51
Q

introns may provide

A

cross over recombination sites

52
Q

facilitate recombination within proteins to allow novel protein function

A

exon shuffling

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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