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Biochemistry > Structure of DNA > Flashcards

Structure of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

linear polymers of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information, and its transfer from one generation to the next

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A 
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
De-oxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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3
Q

the three molecular components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate

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4
Q

six membered heterocyclic rings of C and N

A

Pyrimidines

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5
Q

fused six membered and five membered heterocyclic rings of C and N

A

purines

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6
Q

N-groups can accept protons, giving “basic” properties to the molecule

A

bases

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7
Q

three characteristics of xanthine and hypoxanthine

A

rarely occur
are removed during DNA repair
are intermediates in nucleotide catabolism

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8
Q

which bases are found in DNA

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

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9
Q

which bases are found in RNA

A

adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

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10
Q

secondary metabolites of cocoa beans and tea leaves

act as diuretic, cardiac stimulant, and esp vasodilator

A

theobromine and theophylline

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11
Q

stimulant
diuretic
antagonist to adenosine

A

caffeine

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12
Q

nitrogenous bases attached to sugars

A

nucleosides

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13
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized in the brain, binds to its respective receptor

A

adenosine

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14
Q

binding of adenosine causes

A

drowsiness

dilation of blood vessels

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15
Q

what competes with adenosine receptor to cause opposite effects

A

caffeine

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16
Q

antibiotic produced from fungus cordyceps militaris

which inhibits the final step of RNA biosynthesis by termination of the ribonucleotide chain

A

cordycepin (3’ deoxy adenosine)

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17
Q

plant hormones derived from adenine
contains adenine ring system with an attached 5-carbon hydrophobic group at free NH2
promote cell division in plants

A

cytokinins

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18
Q

when you have the base, phosphate and sugar all together

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

phosphate acceptor/donor

A

ATP

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20
Q

protein synthesis and signal transduction

A

GTP

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21
Q

Membrane and storage lipid synthesis

A

CTP

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22
Q

carbohydrate synthesis and degradation

A

UTP

23
Q

bond between the 5’ carbon and the oxygen of the first phosphate group in ATP

A

phosphoester bond

24
Q

bonds between the oxygens of the second and third phosphate groups in ATP

A

phosphoanhydride bonds

25
Q

a molecule that ATP is able to borrow phosphate groups from

A

phosphocreatine

26
Q

the energy difference before and after a process or reaction occurs

A

delta G

gibbs free energy

27
Q

if delta G is +

A

input of energy required

28
Q

if delta G -

A

energy is given off

the reaction is spontaneous

29
Q

a short lived intracellular chemical signal molecule that relays a message from an external “first messenger” which will lead to a cascade of events

A

secondary messenger

30
Q

common first messengers

A

hormones and neurotransmitters

31
Q

common secondary messengers

A

calcium ions
inositol-Pi3
diacylglycerol
cyclic nucleotides

32
Q

how is cAMP formed

A

the oxygen on the phosphate group wraps around to bond with the 3’ carbon

33
Q

involved in many signal cascades including hormone signaling, apoptosis, disease reactions, neuron function

A

adenylate cyclase (cAMP)

34
Q

involved in nitric oxide signaling, blood pressure homeostasis, nerve impulse transmission, and stress response in plants

A

guanylate cyclase (cGMP)

35
Q

enzyme that produces cyclic amp

A

adenylate cyclase

36
Q

explain the cAMP mediated signal transduction

A

first messengers bind to receptor
activate G protein which changes GDP to GTP
activates active adenylate cyclase
creates cAMP

37
Q

adenine and thymine form how many hydrogen bonds

A

2

38
Q

guanine and cytosine form how many hydrogen bonds

A

3

39
Q

DNA and RNA are always read from ____ to ____

A

5’ to 3’

40
Q

what is the distance for the major groove

A

3.3 nm

41
Q

how many bases are stacked in a major groove

A

10

42
Q

each base is how long

A

0.34 nm

43
Q

what is the most stable form of DNA

A

B-DNA

44
Q

form when DNA/RNA duplexes form and due to low hydration

A

A-DNA

45
Q

left handed DNA that can form as a result of torsion during transcription

A

Z-DNA

46
Q

helps to compact DNA into cell nucleus

A

supercoiling

47
Q

help with the supercoiling process

A

histones

48
Q

chromatin is

A

DNA and histones

49
Q

8 histones with DNA wound to it

A

neucleosome

50
Q

structure of chromatin when neucleosomes are spread out from each other, is easily manipulated, beads on a string model.

A

euchromatin

51
Q

neucleosomes and DNA are packed so tightly, no free DNA is available for manipulation

A

heterochromatin

52
Q

performed experiments with a harmless and deadly bacteria strains on mice to

A

Griffith

53
Q

proved that only DNA transformed strain R, ie, only isolated DNA from strain S could make strain R harmful, not proteins

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy

54
Q

further proved that DNA is the genetic material using viruses

A

hershey and chase

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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