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Biochemistry > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

4 items of chargaff’s rules

A
  1. the base composition of DNA varies from one species to the next
  2. DNA specimens from different tissues of the same organism have the same base composition
  3. the base composition of DNA in a given species does not change with age, nutritional state, or environment
  4. A = T and G = C
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2
Q

primary level of DNA

A

the sequence of bases in a pair of complementary strands

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3
Q

the secondary level of DNA

A

the double helix

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4
Q

The tertiary level of DNA

A

super-coiled DNA

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5
Q

when do you find maximum coiling of DNA

A

during cell division

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6
Q

facilitates higher level coiling in the chromatin

A

H1 (a 5th histone)

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7
Q

three functions of the major groove

A

recognition sites for several transcription initiation factors
specific domains of initiation factors lie in major groove
promote separation of DNA strands

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8
Q

functions of the minor groove

A

much less is known

often bind smaller ligands which then can have several effects such as inhibiting cancer and antimicrobial activity

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9
Q

four stabilizing forces in DNA

A
  1. hydrogen bonds between base pairs
  2. hydrophobic interactions between base pairs and water
  3. van der Waals forces
  4. electrostatic interactions
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10
Q

cross like DNA structures that form when DNA contain a palindrome

A

cruciform DNA

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11
Q

a base sequence in DNA that provides the same information when read in either the forward or reverse directions

A

palindromes

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12
Q

four ingredients needed to complete the sanger sequencing

A
  1. need to know something downstream of DNA strand wanted
  2. need a primer
  3. need bases/nucleotides
  4. need dideoxybases
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13
Q

five steps in southern blotting

A
  1. digestion of DNA by restriction enzyme
  2. DNA fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
  3. DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose filter paper for denaturing
  4. the ssDNA on filter paper is hybridized by radioactively labeled ssDNA probe
  5. any hybridized DNA can be sivualized by autoradiography
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14
Q

four characteristics of triple stranded DNA

A
  1. form from partially unwound duplex DNA under super-helical” conformational stress
  2. polypyrimidine segments folds back to interact with polypurine region of remaining duplex
  3. third strand occupies the major groove of the original duplex
  4. possible role in recombination
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15
Q

name of base pairing with the third strand in triple stranded DNA

A

hoogsteen base pairing

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16
Q

most commonly known transposon family in humans

A

alu family

17
Q

a group of linked genes that are regulated as a unit

A

operon

18
Q

a small circular, self replicating extra-chromosomal molecule of bacterial DNA

A

plasmid

19
Q

non coding DNA sequences in eukaryotic genes

A

introns

20
Q

coding DNA sequences in eukaryotic genes

A

exons

21
Q

a non-functional sequence of DNA similar to a gene.

remnants of a once functional gene that accumulated mutations

A

pseudogenes

22
Q

DNA sequences that excise, replicate, and insert themselves randomly elsewhere in the genome

A

tranposons

23
Q

four main types of RNA

A

tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
snRNA

24
Q

involved in splicing

A

snRNA

25
Q

involved in preventing translation of target mRNA

A

miRNA

26
Q

involved in RNA interference

A

siRNA

27
Q

modified bases found in tRNA

A

pseudouridine
4-thiouridine
1-methylguanosine
dihydrouridine

28
Q

where are amino acids linked in tRNA

A

to the 3’ -OH group

29
Q

functions of tRNA

A

carry amino acids to ribosome for assembly into polypeptides
at least one tRNA molecule for each of 20 different amino acids
anticodon base pairs with mRNA codons
often described as a adaptor molecule

30
Q

structural elements of ribosomes

A

rRNA

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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