DNA mutations

Question 1

what do mutations start with

Answer 1

a replication error that isn’t caught

Question 2

mutations fall in one of three categories

Answer 2

beneficial mutations
neutral mutations
deleterious mutations

Question 3

most mutations are

Answer 3

neutral or slightly deleterious

Question 4

changes one amino acid

Answer 4

missense mutation

Question 5

creates a change in a base that does not change an amino acid

Answer 5

silent mutation

Question 6

changes an amino acid to a stop codon

Answer 6

nonsense mutation

Question 7

when a base is either added to or removed from an mRNA sequence, it will cause a shift in the sequence of frame

Answer 7

insertion or deletion

Question 8

an increase in the number of each type of chromosome

Answer 8

polyploidy

Question 9

the addition or deletion of a chromosome

Answer 9

aneuploidy

Question 10

occur when sections of a chromosome break and rotate before rejoining the chromosome

Answer 10

inversions

Question 11

occurs when a broken section of one chromosome becomes attached o another chromosome

Answer 11

translocation

Question 12

chromosome level mutation can be visualized via

Answer 12

karyotypes

Question 13

strand of DNA is the same as the mRNA sequence

Answer 13

sense strand

Question 14

strand in DNA that is copied by RNA polymerase into RNA

Answer 14

antisense strand

Question 15

all amino acids except two are encoded by more than one codon

Answer 15

redundant

Question 16

one codon never codes for more than one amino acid

Answer 16

unambiguous

Question 17

a few minor exceptions, all codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms

Answer 17

nearly universal

Question 18

the first two bases are usually identical when multiple codons specify the same amino acid

Answer 18

conservative

Question 19

how many bases specify a single amino acid

Answer 19

three

Question 20

what is the start codon

Answer 20

AUG

Question 21

what are the stop codons

Answer 21

UAA
UAG
UGA

Question 22

mechanisms for point mutations typically act through three primary processes

Answer 22

base replacement
base alteration
base damage

Question 23

example of base replacement

Answer 23

analogues

Question 24

example of base alterations

Answer 24

chemical modifications

Question 25

example of base damage

Answer 25

disrupt base-pairing

Question 26

the spontaneous isomerization of a nitrogenous base to/from keto and enol forms or to/from amino and imino forms

Answer 26

tautomeric shift

Question 27

what type of mutations to tautomeric shifts cause

Answer 27

transition mutations

Question 28

where one purine/pyrimidine base pair is replaced with the other purine/pyrimidine base pair

Answer 28

transition mutations

Question 29

removal of amino groups from nitrogenous base

Answer 29

deaminations

Question 30

if cytosine is deaminated what is created

Answer 30

uracil

Question 31

if 5-methylcytosine is deaminated what is created

Answer 31

thymine

Question 32

add ethyl groups to normal base

Answer 32

alkylating groups

Question 33

adds hydroxyl groups to normal base

Answer 33

hydroxylating agents

Question 34

hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds

Answer 34

depurination

Question 35

purine bases are hydrolyzed where

Answer 35

at the ribose glycosidic linkage, leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone in tact

Question 36

most commonly incorporated, leading to a transition mutation

Answer 36

adenine