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BIOCHEM LEC > TRANSCRIPTION > Flashcards

TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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2
Q

possible products of transcription

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Addtnl RNA molecules (noncoding)

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3
Q

for structural, catalytic and regulatory functions

A

noncoding RNAs

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4
Q

sequences of amino acids

A

mRNA

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5
Q

mRNA is ____% of the entire RNA

A

⁓2%

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6
Q

TRANSCRIPTION | FEATURES

only particular genes or group of genes are transcribed at any one time

A

MORE SELECTIVE

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7
Q

TRANSCRIPTION | FEATURES

phases of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

some includes activation

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8
Q

TRANSCRIPTION | DIFFERENCE W DNA REPLI

primer needed?

A

no primer needed

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9
Q

TRANSCRIPTION | DIFFERENCE W DNA REPLI

involves ____ of DNA molecules

A

limited segments

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10
Q

TRANSCRIPTION | DIFFERENCE W DNA REPLI

Within transcribed segments, only ____ serves as a template for a particular RNA molecule

A

only 1 DNA strand

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11
Q

% of rRNA in the entire RNA

A

⁓80%

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12
Q
  • smallest
  • ⁓15% in the entire rna
  • Has extensive intrachain base-pairing
  • Serves as an adapter molecule that carries its specific amino acid
A

tRNA

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13
Q

how many species of tRNA is involved during translation or protein synthesis

A

20

each tRNA correspond to 1 amino acid

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14
Q

tRNA

There is at least ____ of tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids found in proteins

A

one specific type

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15
Q

smaller rRNA

prokar or eukar

A

prokaryotic

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16
Q

what do you call the part that the amino acid binds to

A

acceptor arm

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17
Q

amino acids will be attached to the ____ end

A

3’

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18
Q

a tRNA that carries an amino acid

A

active / charged tRNA

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19
Q

smallest component of RNA

A

mRNA

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20
Q

Most heterogeneous based on size and base sequence

A

mRNA

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21
Q

carries genetic information from DNA -> protein

A

coding RNA

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22
Q

SYNTHESIS OF RNA

  • Reads DNA template strand in 3’ -> 5’ direction
  • Hence: 5’ -> 3’ polymerase action
  • Lacks a separate proofreading 3’ -> 5’ exonuclease active site
A

DNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE

DdRP

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23
Q

SYNTHESIS OF RNA

requirements for DNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE

A

DNA template
Substrates: ATP GTP UTP CTP
Mg2+, Zn2+

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24
Q

RNA POLYMERASE | CORE ENZYME

required for enzyme assembly

A

α, Ω

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25
Q

RNA POLYMERASE | CORE ENZYME

needed for template binding
has polymerase activity 5’ -> 3’

A

β

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26
Q

RNA POLYMERASE

  • 2 α, 1 β, 1 β′, and 1 Ω
  • lacks specificity (that is, it cannot recognize the promoter region on the DNA template).
A

core enzyme

27
Q

RNA POLYMERASE

  • **sigma subunit (sigma factor) **
  • enables RNA polymerase to recognize promoter regions on the DNA
A

holoenzyme

28
Q

DIRECTION

DNA template strand

A

3’ - 5’

29
Q

DIRECTION

DNA nontemplate / Coding strand

A

5’ - 3’

30
Q

DIRECTION

RNA transcript

A

5’ - 3’

31
Q

Each nucleotide in the newly formed RNA undergoes ____

A

base pairing

32
Q

PROKARYOTIC gene transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

33
Q

PROKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

product

A

primary transcript

34
Q

PROKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

RNA polymerase ____ a primer to initiate synthesis

A

does not require

35
Q

PROKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

binds to a promoter region of the DNA

A

holoenzyme portion

36
Q

PROKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

directs the transcription of adjacent segments of DNA (genes)

A

promoter

37
Q

PROKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

promoter region

A

-35 sequence
pribnow box

38
Q

EUKARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

promoter region

A

TATA or Hogness box, -25
CAAT box, -70 to 80

39
Q
  • Local unwinding of the DNA continues mediated by the polymerase
  • RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA using nucleoside monophosphates, releasing pyrophosphate each time
  • Direction of the product: 5’ - 3’ RNA transcript
A

elongation

40
Q

ELONGATION

direction of the product

A

5’ - 3’

41
Q

Elongation of RNA continues until a ____ is reached

A

terminal signal

42
Q

TERMINATION

occurs without additional proteins

A

INTRINSIC

43
Q

TERMINATION | INTRINSIC

p-independent - requires formation of a ____

A

HAIRPIN LOOP[

44
Q

TERMINATION

requires p protein to release RNA from DNA (signaling that there is already termination)

A

p-dependent

45
Q

TERMINATION

with helicase activity: separates the RNA-DNA hybrid helix, causing release of the RNA

A

p protein

46
Q

EUKARYUOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

found in rRNA (nucleolus)

A

Pol I

47
Q

EUKARYUOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

important in the synthesis of mRNA, and noncoding RNAs (lncRNA, miRNA, snRNA)

A

POL II

48
Q

EUKARYUOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

tRNA, 5S rRNA, some snRNA and snoRNA

A

POL III

49
Q

EUKARYUOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

Resembles the bacterial RNA pol

A

RNA POLYMERASES (mitochondria)

50
Q

EUKARYUOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION

Required for the assembly of a transcription initiation complex at the promoter and the determination of which genes are to be transcribed

A

transcription factors

51
Q

POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

Modification of the primary transcript (pre-rRNA to different intermediate-sized pieces of rRNAs)

A

rRNA

52
Q

post transcriptional modificatons happen via

A

ribonucleases

53
Q

POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

Sequences at both ends of the molecule are removed, and, if present, an intron is removed from the anticodon loop by nucleases.

A

tRNA

54
Q

POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

a. Addition of a 5’ cap
b. Addition of a 3’-poly-A tail
c. RNA Splicing

A

mRNA

55
Q

POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

ADDITION OF A 5’ CAP:
The cap is a ____ attached to the 5′- terminal end of the mRNA through an unusual 5′→5′-triphosphate linkage that is resistant to most nucleases

A

7-METHYLGUANOSINE

56
Q

POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

ADDITION OF A 5’ CAP:
The cap is a 7-methylguanosine attached to the ____ of the mRNA through an unusual 5′→5′-triphosphate linkage that is resistant to most nucleases

A

5’ TERMINAL END

57
Q

**POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

ADDITION OF A 5’ CAP:
The cap is a 7-methylguanosine attached to the 5′- terminal end of the mRNA through an unusual ____ that is resistant to most nucleases

A

5’ - 5’ TRIPHOSPHATE LINKAGE

58
Q

POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFCATIONS

ADDITION OF A 5’ CAP:
The cap is a 7-methylguanosine attached to the 5′- terminal end of the mRNA through an unusual 5′→5′-triphosphate linkage that is resistant to ____

A

MOST NUCLEASES

59
Q

POST TRASNCRITPIONAL MDOFICATOOIN

  • a chain of 40–250 adenylates (adenosine monophosphates) attached to the 3′-end
  • not transcribed from the DNA
  • added by the nuclear enzyme, polyadenylate polymerase
  • Purpose
    - To terminate transcription
    - Tails help stabilize the mRNA, facilitate its exit from the nucleus, and aid in translation
    - After the mRNA enters the cytosol, the poly-A tail is gradually shortened.
A

ADDITION OF A 3’-POLY-A TAIL

60
Q

POST TRANSCRIP MODIF | ADDITION OF 3’-POLY-A TAIL

a chain of ____ adenylates attached to 3’ end

A

40 - 250

61
Q

POST TRANSCRIP MODIF | ADDITION OF 3’-POLY-A TAIL

added by the nuclear enzyme ____

A

polyadenylate polymerase

62
Q

POST TRANSCRIP MODIF

removal of introns (intervening sequence) from the primary transcript and joining of exons to form a continuous sequence that specifies a functional polypeptide

A

RNA splicing

63
Q

intervening sequence

A

introns

64
Q

molecular complex that facilitates splicing

A

spliceosome

BIOCHEM LEC (33 decks)

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