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BIOCHEM LEC > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the science of the chemical basis of life.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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2
Q

deals with the study of the CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVING CELLS and the
REACTIONS AND PROCESSES they undergo.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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3
Q

backbone of Biochemistry

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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4
Q

The ________ of the components of living matter and the RELATIONSHIP of BIOLOGICAL FUNTION to CHEMICAL STRUCTURE.

A

STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY

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5
Q

the TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS that occur in living matter.

A

METABOLISM

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6
Q

The chemistry of process and substances that STORE and TRANSMIT BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION

A

MOLECULAR GENETICS

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7
Q

study of drugs

A

PHARMACOLOGY

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8
Q

most ABUNDANT biomolecule

A

PROTEIN

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9
Q

Forms closed compartments on the cytoplasm to DEFINE CELL BOUNDARIES.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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10
Q

Has SELECTIVE PERMEABILITIES and acts as a PROTECTIVE BARRIER to the uncontrolled flow of water and other composition between the inside and outside of the cell.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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11
Q

The selective permeabilities for ions and substrates are provided by

A

TRANSPORTERS
ION CHANNELS

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12
Q

the plasma membrane Exchanges material with the extracellular environment by

A

EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS

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13
Q

specialized membrane structure which adjacent cells exchange materials

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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14
Q

transports molecule OUT of the cell

A

EXOCYTOSIS

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15
Q

a cellular process in which SUBSTANCES ARE BROUGHT INTO THE CELL

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

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16
Q

Plays key role in cell-to-cell interaction and transmembrane signaling.

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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17
Q

Changes in the membrane structure can affect

A

WATER BALANCE & ION FLUX

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18
Q

mutation in the gene encoding LDL receptor

A

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

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19
Q

mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein, a Cl- transporter

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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20
Q

mutation in the gene encoding a COPPER-DEPENDENT ATPase

A

WILSON DISEASE

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21
Q

Membranes has an _________ structures

A

ASYMMETRIC

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22
Q

1.) to make, store and utilize energy
2.) to repair itself
3.) to replicate
4.) to perform cell – specific functions

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

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23
Q

1.) a delivery system
2.) removes CO2, waste products etc.

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

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24
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID head

A

HYDROPHILIC, water loving

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25
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID tail

A

HYDROPHOBIC, water hating

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26
Q

Important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions:
▫ Enabling the immune system to DETECT FOREIGN CELLS, such as invading bacteria, which carry different glycoproteins.

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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27
Q
  • Resides mainly in the plasma membrane but also found in lesser quantities in mitochondria, Golgi complex, and nuclear membrane.
  • Acts as STABILIZER that LIMITS THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS, which slide back and forth in the membrane.
A

CHOLESTEROL

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28
Q

tiny gaps or gap junctions enable small molecules such as _____ to DIFFUSE READILY into and out of the cell

A

OXYGEN

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29
Q

The steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to carry out ______ (provides the energy needed to carry out cell functions)

A

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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30
Q

Specific proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport.

A

TRASNPORTERS

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31
Q
  • carrier is exposed to HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTE, and molecules of solute bind to specific sites.
  • binding induces CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE.
A

PING STATE

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32
Q
  • the conformational change exposes the
    carrier to LOWER CONC. OF SOLUTE.
A

PONG STATE

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33
Q

▫ Moves ONE type of molecule BIDIRECTIONALLY

A

UNIPORT SYSTEM

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34
Q

▫ Moves TWO solutes in the SAME DIRECTION

A

SYMPROT SYSTEM

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35
Q

▫ Moves TWO molecules in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS (Na+ in, Ca ++ out)

A

ANTIPORT

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36
Q

are LARGE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS that serve to provide a PATHWAY for ions to diffuse at a high rate across the cell membrane according to their electrochemical potential

A

ION CHANNELS

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37
Q

A specific molecule BINDS TO A RECEPTOR and OPENS THE CHANNEL

A

LIGAND GATED

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38
Q

Open (or close) in response to CHANGES IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL.

A

VOLTAGE GATED

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39
Q

Respond to MECHANICAL STIMULI (pressure, touch)

A

MECHANICALLY GATED

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40
Q

are molecules that OCCUR NATURALLY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

A

BIOMOLECULES

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41
Q
  • consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
  • very large molecules of many atoms, which are covalently bound together.
A

BIOMOLECULES

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42
Q

simple subunits; building blocks
* Amino acid, Nucleotide, Saccharide

A

MONOMERS

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43
Q

made by JOINING MONOMERS
* Peptide, Oligopeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
* Nucleic acid, i.e. DNA, RNA
* Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide

A

POLYMERS

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44
Q

are used as sub-units that COMBINE to synthesize longer molecules.

A

SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES

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45
Q

Biomolecules are joined together or broken apart by

A

REMOVING OR ADDING WATER

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46
Q

BREAKING DOWN of polymers

A

CATABOLISM

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47
Q

the BUILDING UP (assembling) of polymers

A

ANABOLISM

48
Q

ASSEMBLY of a polymer

A

CONDENSATION (anabolism)

49
Q

DISASSEMBLY of large polymers back into monomers. A molecule of water is added back to break apart each two monomers in the polymer.

A

HYDROLYSIS (Catabolism)

50
Q

process by which subunits form large biomolecules by REMOVING WATER.

A

DEHYDRATION

51
Q

Splitting of biomolecule back into its original subunits

A

HYDROLYSIS

52
Q

Major Biomolecules

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Lipids
53
Q

simple sugar

A

MONOSACCHARIDE

54
Q

two monosaccharides bonded together

A

DISACCHARIDE

55
Q

many monosaccharides bonded tgt

A

POLYSACCHARIDE

56
Q

normally contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

A

CARBOHYDRATE

57
Q

important ENERGY SOURCE for cells; subunit of polysaccharide

A

GLUCOSE

58
Q

principal sugar transporter throughout bodies of land plants

A

SUCROSE

59
Q

contains high proportion of carbon & hydrogen; usually nonpolar & INSOLUBLE IN WATER

A

LIPIDS

60
Q

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

A

TRYGLYCERIDE

61
Q

variable numbers of fatty acids bonded to long-chain ALCOHOL

A

WAX

62
Q

polar phosphate group & 2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

63
Q

4 fused rings of carbon atoms w/ functional groups attached

A

STEROID

64
Q

CHAINS of amino acids; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

A

PROTEIN

65
Q

made of nucleotide subunits; may consist of a single nucleotide or long chain of nucleotides

A

NUCLEIC ACID

66
Q

intracellular messenger

A

CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE

67
Q

principal short-term energy carrier molecule in cells

A

ATP

68
Q

genetic material of some VIRUSES; in living cells, essential in transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein

A

RNA

69
Q

GLOBULAR PROTEIN composed of 4 subunit peptides; transport of oxygen in vertebrate blood

A

HEMOGLOBIN

70
Q

protein produced by SILK MOTHS & SPIDERS

A

SILK

71
Q

helical protein, principal component of HAIR

A

KERATIN

72
Q

common component of membranes of eukaryotic cells; precursor for other steroids such as testosterone, bile salts

A

CHOLESTEROL

73
Q

energy storage in PLANTS

A

STARCH

74
Q

energy storage in ANIMALS

A

GLYCOGEN

75
Q

structural material in plants

A

CELLULOSE

76
Q

All biological molecules in all organisms are made from the

A

SAME SET OF SUBUNITS

77
Q

A typical animal or plant cell contains approximately __________ kinds of biomolecules!

A

100,000

78
Q

glucose, galactose, fructose

A

MONOSACC

79
Q

sucrose, maltose, lactose

A

DISACC

80
Q

rhamnose

A

OLIGOSACC

81
Q

cellulose, starch, glycogen

A

POLYSACC

82
Q

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

A

LIPIDS

83
Q

are lipids possessing a GLYCEROL with ONE OR MORE FATTY ACYL GROUPS

A

GLYCERIDES

84
Q
  1. A five carbon sugar
  2. A base that has a nitrogen (N) atom
  3. An ion of phosphoric acid
A

NUCLEOTIDE

85
Q

▫ 4 nitrogenous base A, T, C, G
▫ Deoxyribose (sugar) + Phosphate
group

A

DNA

86
Q

▫ 4 nucleotides base A, U, C, G
▫ Ribose (sugar) + Phosphate group

A

RNA

87
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

88
Q

Protein chains are

A

POLYPEPTIDES

89
Q

increasing dimensional complexity : primary, secondary, tertiary & uaternary

A

MACROMOLECULE

90
Q

groups of atoms that are frequently attached to the organic molecules

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

91
Q

major body fuel molecule, oxidized to convert ADP to ATP

A

GLUCOSE

92
Q

major fuel for skeletal muscle

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids, other fat molecules

93
Q

structural & contractile protein
▫ Enzymes
▫ Hormones
▫ Respiratory molecules

A

AMINO ACIDS

94
Q

Coenzymes act with enzymes

A

VITAMINS

95
Q

major INTRAcellular CATION

A

POTASSIUM

96
Q

major EXTRAcellular CATION

A

SODIUM

97
Q

major INTRAcellular
ANION

A

PHOSPHATE

98
Q

major EXTRAcellular ANION

A

CHLORIDE

99
Q

▫ Control ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in cells, tissue fluids, and blood
▫ Essential for NORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION and nerve cell response
▫ Necessary to produce
DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS
▫ Essential for NORMAL EYE RESPONSE TO LIGHT

A

Na, K & Cl

100
Q

fermentation could only occur in INTACT CELLS

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

101
Q

fermentation could occur in the ABSENCE of intact cells

A

brothers BUCHNER

102
Q

who studied patients with relatively rare disorders of alkaptonuria, albinism, cystinuria, and pentosuria and designated these conditions as INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM

A

ARCHIBALD GARROD

103
Q

headed the sequencing of genome

A

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM & CELERA GENOMICS

104
Q

field that is focused on comprehensive study of the structures and functions of the molecules

A

OMICS

105
Q

the PRODUCTS OF GENES (RNA molecules & proteins) are being studied using the techniques of

A

TRANSCRIPTOMICS & PROTEOMICS

106
Q

an active area that may provide NOVEL METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT for cancer and other disorders

A

NANOTECHNOLOGY

107
Q

offers the potential for creating living organisms that might CARRY OUT SPECIFIC TASKS

A

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

108
Q

study of the structures and functions of GENOMES

A

GENOMICS

109
Q

study of the structure and function of GLYCOMES

A

GLYCOMICS

110
Q

study of the structures and functions of all members of LIPIDOME and their interactions, in both health and disease

A

LIPIDOMICS

111
Q

study of their structures, functions, and changes in various metabolic states

A

METABOLOMICS

112
Q

study of the effects of NUTRIENTS on genetic expression and of the effects of genetic variations on the metabolism of nutrients

A

NUTRIGENOMICS

113
Q

the use of GENOMIC INFORMATION and technologies to optimize the DISCOVER & DEVELOPMENT of NEW DRUGS & drug targets

A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

114
Q

study of the structures and functions of PROTEOMS and their variations in health & disease

A

PROTEOMICS

115
Q

study of the TRANSCRIPTOME, the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the GENOME durin a fixed period of time

A

TRANSCRIPTOMICS

BIOCHEM LEC (12 decks)

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