M1 Flashcards
1
Q
the science of the chemical basis of life.
A
BIOCHEMISTRY
2
Q
deals with the study of the CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVING CELLS and the
REACTIONS AND PROCESSES they undergo.
A
BIOCHEMISTRY
3
Q
backbone of Biochemistry
A
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
4
Q
The ________ of the components of living matter and the RELATIONSHIP of BIOLOGICAL FUNTION to CHEMICAL STRUCTURE.
A
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY
5
Q
the TOTALITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS that occur in living matter.
A
METABOLISM
6
Q
The chemistry of process and substances that STORE and TRANSMIT BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
A
MOLECULAR GENETICS
7
Q
study of drugs
A
PHARMACOLOGY
8
Q
most ABUNDANT biomolecule
A
PROTEIN
9
Q
Forms closed compartments on the cytoplasm to DEFINE CELL BOUNDARIES.
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
10
Q
Has SELECTIVE PERMEABILITIES and acts as a PROTECTIVE BARRIER to the uncontrolled flow of water and other composition between the inside and outside of the cell.
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
11
Q
The selective permeabilities for ions and substrates are provided by
A
TRANSPORTERS
ION CHANNELS
12
Q
the plasma membrane Exchanges material with the extracellular environment by
A
EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS
13
Q
specialized membrane structure which adjacent cells exchange materials
A
GAP JUNCTIONS
14
Q
transports molecule OUT of the cell
A
EXOCYTOSIS
15
Q
a cellular process in which SUBSTANCES ARE BROUGHT INTO THE CELL
A
ENDOCYTOSIS
16
Q
Plays key role in cell-to-cell interaction and transmembrane signaling.
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
17
Q
Changes in the membrane structure can affect
A
WATER BALANCE & ION FLUX
18
Q
mutation in the gene encoding LDL receptor
A
FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
19
Q
mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein, a Cl- transporter
A
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
20
Q
mutation in the gene encoding a COPPER-DEPENDENT ATPase
A
WILSON DISEASE
21
Q
Membranes has an _________ structures
A
ASYMMETRIC
22
Q
1.) to make, store and utilize energy
2.) to repair itself
3.) to replicate
4.) to perform cell – specific functions
A
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
23
Q
1.) a delivery system
2.) removes CO2, waste products etc.
A
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
24
Q
PHOSPHOLIPID head
A
HYDROPHILIC, water loving
25
PHOSPHOLIPID tail
HYDROPHOBIC, water hating
26
Important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell-cell interactions:
▫ Enabling the immune system to DETECT FOREIGN CELLS, such as invading bacteria, which carry different glycoproteins.
GLYCOPROTEINS
27
* Resides mainly in the plasma membrane but also found in lesser quantities in mitochondria, Golgi complex, and nuclear membrane.
* Acts as STABILIZER that LIMITS THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS, which slide back and forth in the membrane.
CHOLESTEROL
28
tiny gaps or gap junctions enable small molecules such as _____ to DIFFUSE READILY into and out of the cell
OXYGEN
29
The steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to carry out ______ (provides the energy needed to carry out cell functions)
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
30
Specific proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport.
TRASNPORTERS
31
* carrier is exposed to HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTE, and molecules of solute bind to specific sites.
* binding induces CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE.
PING STATE
32
* the conformational change exposes the
carrier to LOWER CONC. OF SOLUTE.
PONG STATE
33
▫ Moves ONE type of molecule BIDIRECTIONALLY
UNIPORT SYSTEM
34
▫ Moves TWO solutes in the SAME DIRECTION
SYMPROT SYSTEM
35
▫ Moves TWO molecules in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS (Na+ in, Ca ++ out)
ANTIPORT
36
are LARGE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS that serve to provide a PATHWAY for ions to diffuse at a high rate across the cell membrane according to their electrochemical potential
ION CHANNELS
37
A specific molecule BINDS TO A RECEPTOR and OPENS THE CHANNEL
LIGAND GATED
38
Open (or close) in response to CHANGES IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL.
VOLTAGE GATED
39
Respond to MECHANICAL STIMULI (pressure, touch)
MECHANICALLY GATED
40
are molecules that OCCUR NATURALLY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
BIOMOLECULES
41
* consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
* very large molecules of many atoms, which are covalently bound together.
BIOMOLECULES
42
simple subunits; building blocks
* Amino acid, Nucleotide, Saccharide
MONOMERS
43
made by JOINING MONOMERS
* Peptide, Oligopeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
* Nucleic acid, i.e. DNA, RNA
* Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide
POLYMERS
44
are used as sub-units that COMBINE to synthesize longer molecules.
SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES
45
Biomolecules are joined together or broken apart by
REMOVING OR ADDING WATER
46
BREAKING DOWN of polymers
CATABOLISM
47
the BUILDING UP (assembling) of polymers
ANABOLISM
48
ASSEMBLY of a polymer
CONDENSATION (anabolism)
49
DISASSEMBLY of large polymers back into monomers. A molecule of water is added back to break apart each two monomers in the polymer.
HYDROLYSIS (Catabolism)
50
process by which subunits form large biomolecules by REMOVING WATER.
DEHYDRATION
51
Splitting of biomolecule back into its original subunits
HYDROLYSIS
52
Major Biomolecules
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids
53
simple sugar
MONOSACCHARIDE
54
two monosaccharides bonded together
DISACCHARIDE
55
many monosaccharides bonded tgt
POLYSACCHARIDE
56
normally contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CARBOHYDRATE
57
important ENERGY SOURCE for cells; subunit of polysaccharide
GLUCOSE
58
principal sugar transporter throughout bodies of land plants
SUCROSE
59
contains high proportion of carbon & hydrogen; usually nonpolar & INSOLUBLE IN WATER
LIPIDS
60
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
TRYGLYCERIDE
61
variable numbers of fatty acids bonded to long-chain ALCOHOL
WAX
62
polar phosphate group & 2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
PHOSPHOLIPID
63
4 fused rings of carbon atoms w/ functional groups attached
STEROID
64
CHAINS of amino acids; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
PROTEIN
65
made of nucleotide subunits; may consist of a single nucleotide or long chain of nucleotides
NUCLEIC ACID
66
intracellular messenger
CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
67
principal short-term energy carrier molecule in cells
ATP
68
genetic material of some VIRUSES; in living cells, essential in transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein
RNA
69
GLOBULAR PROTEIN composed of 4 subunit peptides; transport of oxygen in vertebrate blood
HEMOGLOBIN
70
protein produced by SILK MOTHS & SPIDERS
SILK
71
helical protein, principal component of HAIR
KERATIN
72
common component of membranes of eukaryotic cells; precursor for other steroids such as testosterone, bile salts
CHOLESTEROL
73
energy storage in PLANTS
STARCH
74
energy storage in ANIMALS
GLYCOGEN
75
structural material in plants
CELLULOSE
76
All biological molecules in all organisms are made from the
SAME SET OF SUBUNITS
77
A typical animal or plant cell contains approximately __________ kinds of biomolecules!
100,000
78
glucose, galactose, fructose
MONOSACC
79
sucrose, maltose, lactose
DISACC
80
rhamnose
OLIGOSACC
81
cellulose, starch, glycogen
POLYSACC
82
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
LIPIDS
83
are lipids possessing a GLYCEROL with ONE OR MORE FATTY ACYL GROUPS
GLYCERIDES
84
1. A five carbon sugar
2. A base that has a nitrogen (N) atom
3. An ion of phosphoric acid
NUCLEOTIDE
85
▫ 4 nitrogenous base A, T, C, G
▫ Deoxyribose (sugar) + Phosphate
group
DNA
86
▫ 4 nucleotides base A, U, C, G
▫ Ribose (sugar) + Phosphate group
RNA
87
how many amino acids
20
88
Protein chains are
POLYPEPTIDES
89
increasing dimensional complexity : primary, secondary, tertiary & uaternary
MACROMOLECULE
90
groups of atoms that are frequently attached to the organic molecules
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
91
major body fuel molecule, oxidized to convert ADP to ATP
GLUCOSE
92
major fuel for skeletal muscle
Glycerol and Fatty acids, other fat molecules
93
structural & contractile protein
▫ Enzymes
▫ Hormones
▫ Respiratory molecules
AMINO ACIDS
94
Coenzymes act with enzymes
VITAMINS
95
major INTRAcellular CATION
POTASSIUM
96
major EXTRAcellular CATION
SODIUM
97
major INTRAcellular
ANION
PHOSPHATE
98
major EXTRAcellular ANION
CHLORIDE
99
▫ Control ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in cells, tissue fluids, and blood
▫ Essential for NORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION and nerve cell response
▫ Necessary to produce
DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS
▫ Essential for NORMAL EYE RESPONSE TO LIGHT
Na, K & Cl
100
fermentation could only occur in INTACT CELLS
LOUIS PASTEUR
101
fermentation could occur in the ABSENCE of intact cells
brothers BUCHNER
102
who studied patients with relatively rare disorders of alkaptonuria, albinism, cystinuria, and pentosuria and designated these conditions as INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
ARCHIBALD GARROD
103
headed the sequencing of genome
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM & CELERA GENOMICS
104
field that is focused on comprehensive study of the structures and functions of the molecules
OMICS
105
the PRODUCTS OF GENES (RNA molecules & proteins) are being studied using the techniques of
TRANSCRIPTOMICS & PROTEOMICS
106
an active area that may provide NOVEL METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT for cancer and other disorders
NANOTECHNOLOGY
107
offers the potential for creating living organisms that might CARRY OUT SPECIFIC TASKS
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
108
study of the structures and functions of GENOMES
GENOMICS
109
study of the structure and function of GLYCOMES
GLYCOMICS
110
study of the structures and functions of all members of LIPIDOME and their interactions, in both health and disease
LIPIDOMICS
111
study of their structures, functions, and changes in various metabolic states
METABOLOMICS
112
study of the effects of NUTRIENTS on genetic expression and of the effects of genetic variations on the metabolism of nutrients
NUTRIGENOMICS
113
the use of GENOMIC INFORMATION and technologies to optimize the DISCOVER & DEVELOPMENT of NEW DRUGS & drug targets
PHARMACOGENOMICS
114
study of the structures and functions of PROTEOMS and their variations in health & disease
PROTEOMICS
115
study of the TRANSCRIPTOME, the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by the GENOME durin a fixed period of time
TRANSCRIPTOMICS
