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BIOCHEM LEC > NUCLEIC ACID > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACID Flashcards

1
Q
  • It is a polymer of nucleotides.
  • Responsible for the storage and passage of information needed for the production of proteins
  • The source of genetic information in chromosomes, which is then passed from parent to offspring.
  • Biological molecules that possess heterocyclic nitrogenous bases as principal components of their structure
A

NUCLEIC ACID

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2
Q

Nucleic acids are biological molecules that possess ____ as principal components of their structure

A

HETEROCYCLIC NITROGENOUS BASES

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3
Q

contain several million nucleotides

A

DNA

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4
Q

contain only a few thousand nucleotides

A

RNA

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5
Q

DNA is contained in the ____ of the nucleus

A

CHROMOSOMES

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6
Q

humans have how many chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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7
Q
  • basic unit of heredity
  • responsible for synthesis of single protein
A

GENES

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8
Q

the portion of the DNA molecule responsible for the synthesis of a single protein

A

GENE

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9
Q

The nucleotide monomers that compose DNA and RNA consist of

A

monosaccharide (sugar)
Nitrogenous base
phosphate group

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10
Q

In RNA the monosaccharide is the aldopentose

A

D-ribose

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11
Q

In DNA the monosaccharide is the aldopentose

A

D-2-deoxyribose

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12
Q

PYRIMIDINE BASES

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

PYCUT

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13
Q

naming of pyrimidine

A

counterclockwise

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14
Q

PURINE bases

A

Guanine
Adenine

PUGA

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15
Q

naming of PURINE bases

A

start sa ring that has 2 nitrogen

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16
Q

DNA bases

A

A, G, C, T

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17
Q

RNA bases

A

A, G, C, U

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18
Q

nucleoside is a ____

A

GLYCOSDIE

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19
Q

To name a nucleoside derived from a pyrimidine base, use the suffix

A

-idine

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20
Q

For deoxyribonucleosides, add the prefix

A

deoxy-

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21
Q

To name a nucleoside derived from a purine base, use the suffix

A

-osine

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22
Q

A nucleoside is formed by joining 1’carbon of the monosaccharide in which N atom of PYRIMIDINES

A

N1

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23
Q

A nucleoside is formed by joining 1’ carbon of the monosaccharide in which N atom of PURINES

A

N9

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24
Q

are formed by adding a phosphate group to the 5′-OH of a nucleoside.

A

NUCLEOTIDE

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25
Q

2 important bonds formed in a NUCLEOTIDE

A

glycosidic bond (N-type)
phosphodiester bond

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26
Q

Nucleotides are formed by adding a phosphate group to the ____ of a nucleoside.

A

5′-OH

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27
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of ____

A

nucleotide

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28
Q

NUCLEOSIDE contains

A

Nitrogenous base
Sugar (monosaccharide)

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29
Q

nucleotide is synonymous to

A

nucleoside phosphate

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30
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotides joined by

A

phosphodiester linkages

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31
Q

The ____ and ____ of the bases distinguish one polynucleotide from another (primary structure)

A

identity & order

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32
Q

In DNA, the ____ carries the genetic information of the organism

A

sequence of the bases

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33
Q

A polynucleotide has one free ____ group at the 3’ end

A

OH

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34
Q

found on the backbone of nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester linkages

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35
Q

A polynucleotide has one free ____ group at the 5’ end

A

phosphate

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36
Q

Serves as genetic material in most organisms

A

DNA

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37
Q

contains a backbone consisting of alternating sugar and phosphate groups

A

POLYNUCLEOTIDE

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38
Q

Double-stranded helix arrangement

A

DNA

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39
Q

DNA

It is also present in ____ and in the ____ of plants.

A

MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST

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40
Q

DNA

Prokaryotic cells may also contain nonchromosomal DNA in the form of ____

A

PLASMID

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41
Q

Single stranded

A

RNA

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42
Q
  • Serves as genetic material for some viruses;
  • Carrier of genetic information to the site of protein synthesis
A

RNA

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43
Q

small, circular DNA structures that are found in prokaryotes

A

PLASMID

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44
Q

DNA

In eukaryotic cells, it is present in chromosomes in the ____

45
Q

DNA

Prokaryotic cells, which lack nuclei, have a ____ chromosome

46
Q

The DNA model was initially proposed by ____ and ____ in 1953

A

WATSON & CRICK

47
Q

DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands that wind into a

A

RIGHT-HANDED DOUBLE HELIX

48
Q

DNA DOUBLE HELIX

The sugar-phosphate groups lie on the ____

A

OUTSIDE OF THE HELIX

49
Q

DNA DOUBLE HELIX

The bases lie on the

A

INSIDE OF THE HELIX

50
Q

Hydrogen bonds present in:
ADENINE-THYMINE

51
Q

Hydrogen bonds present in:
CYTOSINE-GUANINE

52
Q

The two strands of DNA are arranged ____ to one another

A

ANTIPARALLEL

53
Q

WATSON’S & CRICK PROPOSED…

DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the

A

COMPLEMENTARY RULE

54
Q

WATSON & CRICK

in the structure, Nitrogenous bases are called

A

RUNGS OF LADDER

55
Q

WATSON & CRICK

in the structure, Phosphate & sugar backbone are called

A

LEGS OF LADDER

56
Q

spaces between 1 turn

57
Q

diamter of one turn

58
Q

Length of one complete turn

59
Q

Major / Large groove

60
Q

Minor / Small groove

61
Q
  • The number of adenosine residues equals the number of thymidine residues** (A = T)**
  • The number of guanosine residues is equal to the number of cytidine residues (G = C)
  • Therefore: A + G = T + C
A

CHARGAFF’S RULE

62
Q

responsible for the formation of the unique double helical structure of DNA

A

FORCES OF ATTRACTION

63
Q

FOCES OF ATTRACTION (DNA)

  • The force responsible for the complementarity between base pairs
  • However, it does not contribute significantly to the stability of the structure
  • easily denatured, melt easily
  • a weak type of force
64
Q

FOCES OF ATTRACTION (DNA)

shield the negative charges of backbone phosphates

A

METAL CATIONS

65
Q

FOCES OF ATTRACTION (DNA)

  • hydrophobic interactions
  • responsible for the ring portions of DNA bases
A

BASE-STACKING INTERACTIONS

66
Q

FOCES OF ATTRACTION (DNA)

interactions between the stacked adjacent base pairs

A

HYDROPHOBIC

67
Q

Levels of DNA Structure

Covalent structure and nucleotide sequence

68
Q

Levels of DNA Structure

Any regular, stable structure taken up by some or all of nucleotides in a nucleic acid

69
Q

Levels of DNA Structure

Complex folding of large chromosomes in the chromatin

70
Q

Levels of DNA Structure

  • The arrangement (or order) of specific nucleotides along the chain is called the sequence.
  • The sequence is genetic information
A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

71
Q

the arrangement (or order) of specific nucleotides along the chain is called the ____

72
Q

Levels of DNA Structure | SECONDARY STRUCTURE

  • most common double helical structure
  • right-handed helix with 10 base pairs per 360°turn of the helix.
  • Mostly found in DNA chromosomes
73
Q

Levels of DNA Structure | SECONDARY STRUCTURE

  • temporary
  • produced by moderately dehydrating B-DNA, right-handed helix with 11 base pairs per turn and are not perpendicular to the helix axis (but lie 20° to the perpendicular)
74
Q

Levels of DNA Structure | SECONDARY STRUCTURE

left handed helix with 12 residues per turn (zigzag look of phosphodiester backbone)

75
Q

Unusual Secondary Structures

Regions of DNA with inverted repeats, such that an inverted, self-complementary sequence in one strand is repeated in the opposite orientation in the paired strand

(opposite sides, magkabilaan)

A

PALINDROMES

76
Q

Unusual Secondary Structures

forms of palindromic DNA

A

hairpin
cruciform

77
Q

Unusual Secondary Structures

Forms when the inverted repeat occurs within each individual strand of the DNA

SAME SIDE

A

MIRROR REPEAT

78
Q

Higher (Tertiary) Structure

  • Intrinsic property of DNA tertiary structure
  • Coiling of a coil
  • Results when DNA is subject to some form of **structural strain **
  • Importance:
    To facilitate compaction through supercoiling
    § Common - underwinding
    Important to enzymes of DNA metabolism that must bring about strand separation
    § During DNA replication
A

SUPERCOILING

79
Q

DNA structure in the form of double helix

80
Q

further coiling of DNA upon itself

A

SUPERCOILING

81
Q
  • right-handed supercoiling (underwinding)
  • Fewer than number of turns
A

NEGATIVE SUPERCOIL

82
Q
  • left-handed supercoiling (overwinding)
  • Greater than number of turns
  • During DNA replication
A

POSITIVE SUPERCOIL

83
Q

DNA is continuously ____

A

INTERTWINED

84
Q

is either restricted or forbidden altogether

A

FREE END ROTATION

85
Q

Two circular strands are linked ____

86
Q

____ is impossible, unless one of them is broken

A

UNTANGLING

87
Q

DNA strands are unaffected by continuous deformation (conformational changes, protein interactions) as long as no breaks are introduced.

A

DNA TOPOLOGY

88
Q

refers to a DNA segment constrained so that the free rotation of its ends is impossible

A

TOPOLOGICAL DOMAIN

89
Q

Maintained only if the DNA is a closed circle or if it is bound and stabilized by proteins so that the strands are not free to rotate about each other

A

TOPOLOGICAL DOMAIN

90
Q
  • enzymes responsible for altering the superhelicity/supercoiling of the cellular DNA
  • important in the process of replication
A

TOPOISOMERASES

91
Q

cuts one strand of DNA and reseals after

92
Q

cut both strands of DNA

93
Q
  • found in eukaryotes only
  • Formed by electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged phosphate group of DNA and the positively charged group of histones

DNA + HISTONE =

94
Q

DNA is complexed with a number of proteins (basic proteins):

95
Q

will stabilize histone

A

ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION

96
Q

DNA + HISTONE

A

NUCLEOSOME

97
Q
  • the major class of proteins associated with DNA which exists in approximately equal to DNA in the chromatin.
  • Small, basic proteins that bind to DNA by noncovalent interactions to form nucleosomes

HELPER PROTEINS

98
Q

Histones bind to DNA by noncovalent interactions to form ____

A

NUCLEOSOMES

99
Q

linker histone

100
Q

In many eukaryotes there are amino acid sequence variants of all the histones except

101
Q

All histones are ____ modified at various stages of cell cycle

A

POST-TRANSLATIONALLY

102
Q
  • Single-stranded; most carry out functions as single strands
  • Acts as an intermediary by carrying information encoded in DNA to specify the amino acid sequence of a functional protein
  • Found both in the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Roles
    ¨ Storage and transmission of information
    ¨ Catalysis
103
Q

RNA is produced during

A

TRANSCRIPTION

104
Q
  • Encode the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides specified by a gene or set of genes
  • Once mRNAs reach the ribosomes, the messengers provide the templates that specify amino acid sequences in polypeptide chains

CONTAINS THE MESSAGE

A

MESSENGER RNA
mRNA

105
Q

One mRNA codes for only one polypeptide

A

MONOCISTRONIC

106
Q

One mRNA codes for 2 or more polypeptide:

A

POLYCISTRONIC

107
Q
  • Adapter molecules that act in protein synthesis
  • Read the information encoded in the mRNA and transfer the appropriate amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
A

TRANSFER RNA
tRNA

108
Q

Components of ribosomes

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA
rRNA

BIOCHEM LEC (33 decks)

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