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BIOCHEM LEC > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Collective term for fixed oil, fats and waxes.

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

are biomolecules that are insoluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents, such as chloroform or acetone

A

LIPIDS

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3
Q

lipids are classified by their ____

A

miscibility/immiscibility in water

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4
Q

lipids do not have any common ____

A

building blocks

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5
Q

Lipids are not defined by a particular functional group, thus they have a ____ of structures and functions.

A

variety

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6
Q

Lipids contain many ____ C—C and C—H bonds and few polar bonds resulting in their water insolubility.

A

nonpolar

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7
Q

Are heterogeneous group of compounds (fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds), that are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties.

A

Lipids

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8
Q

Properties of Lipids

____ to touch, leaves a permanent oily stain on paper;

A

greasy

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9
Q

Properties of Lipids

____ than water

A

lighter

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10
Q

Properties of Lipids

When ____, colorless with bland odor and taste;

A

pure

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11
Q

Properties of Lipids

____ color in fat is due to carotene

A

yellow

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12
Q

Properties of Lipids

Yellow color in fat is due to

A

carotene

provitamin A

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13
Q

Properties of Lipids

When ____ strongly, undergoes decomposition forming acrid flammable vapors

A

heated

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14
Q

Properties of Lipids

whenignited, they burn with a ____ flame.

A

sooty

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15
Q
  • test conducted for lipids
  • leaves a permament oily stain on paper
A

grease spot test

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16
Q

acrid flammable vapors is called

A

acrolein (propenal)

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17
Q

egg yolk contains, an emulsifying agent

A

lecitin

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18
Q

lipid soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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19
Q

Major Roles of Biological Lipids

They serve as ____ of biological membranes.

A

structural components

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20
Q

Major Roles of Biological Lipids

They provide energy reserves, predominantly in the form of ____.

A

triacylglycerols

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21
Q

Major Roles of Biological Lipids

Both lipids and lipid derivatives serve as ____.

A

chemical messengers

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22
Q

Major Roles of Biological Lipids

____ aid in lipid solubilization.

A

lipophilic bile acids

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23
Q

Biomedical Importance

Fats are stored in ____

A

adipose tissue

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24
Q

Biomedical Importance

Fat stored in adipose tissue serves as ____ in the subcutaneous tissues and around certain organs

A

thermal insulator

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25
Q

Biomedical Importance

Nonpolar lipids act as ____, allowing rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves;

A

electrical insulator

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26
Q

Biomedical Importance

Lipoproteins occur in both ____ and ____, and also serve to transport lipid in the blood.

A

cell membrane & mitochondria

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27
Q

Biomedical Importance

stored in adipose tissue serves as thermal insulator in the subcutaneous tissues and around certain organs;

A

fats

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28
Q

Biomedical Importance

act as electrical insulator, allowing rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves;

A

nonpolar lipids

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29
Q

Biomedical Importance

occur in both cell membrane and mitochondria, and also serve to transport lipid in the blood.

A

lipoproteins

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30
Q
  • Important dietary constituents
  • High energy value
  • Contains fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids
A

lipids

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31
Q
  • Are necessary fats that humans cannot synthesize, and must be obtained through diet.
  • Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids.
A

essential fatty acids

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32
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

Ester of fatty acid and low MW monohydric alcohol

A

simple lipid

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33
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

  • esters of three molecules of fatty acids plus one molecule of glycerol.
  • Found in adipose tissue, butterfat, lard, suet, fish oils, olive oil, corn oil
A

triglycerides

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34
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

ester of fatty acid and glycerol

A

fats/fixed oil

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35
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

ester of fatty acid and high MW polyhydric alcohol

A

waxes

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36
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

butterfat, lard, suet, fish oils, olive oil, corn oil

A

triglycerides

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37
Q

Classification of Based on the “alcohol component”

beeswax, head oil of sperm whale, cerumen, carnauba oil, and lanolin

A

waxes

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38
Q

the only vegetable oil that is solid at room temp

A

cocoa butter

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39
Q

____ can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

A

hydrolyzable lipids

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40
Q
  • cannot be cleaved into smaller molecules by aqueous hydrolysis
  • resistant to hydrolysis
A

Nonhydrolyzable lipids

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41
Q

head oil of sperm whale contains

A

spermaciti

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42
Q

expensive oil coming from the sperm whale

A

ambergris

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43
Q

Hydrolyzable lipids are derived from

A

fatty acids

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44
Q

Fatty acids are ____ with long C chains of 4-36 (even number) C atoms.

A

carboxylic acids (RCOOH)

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45
Q

Naturally occurring fatty acids have an ____ number of C atoms.

A

even

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46
Q

have no double bonds in their long hydrocarbon chains.

A

saturated fatty acids

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47
Q

have 1 or more double bonds (generally cis) in their long hydrocarbon chains.

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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48
Q

As the number of double bonds in the fatty acid increases, the melting point ____.

A

decreases

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49
Q

nomenclature used in unsaturated fatty acids

A

omega nomenclature

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50
Q

can act as hormones

A

prostaglandins

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51
Q

melting point of stearic acid

A

71C

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52
Q

melting point of oleic acid

A

16C

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53
Q

chemical formula of saturated fatty acids

A

CnH2nO2

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54
Q

chemical formula of unsaturated fatty acids

A

CnH2n - (2 no. of db) O2

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55
Q

unsaturated fatty acids with 1 double bond

A

monounsaturated

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56
Q

unsaturated fatty acids with more than 1 double bond

A

polyunsaturated

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57
Q

simplified nomenclature

A

chain length : double bonds

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58
Q

NOMENCLATURE

carboxyl (COOH) carbon will be labeled as

A

C1

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59
Q

NOMENCLATURE

suffix - unsaturated

A

enoic acid

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60
Q

NOMENCLATURE

the terminal CH3 is called

A

omega carbon

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61
Q

Humans require which fatty acid

essential fatty acid

A

omega-3 linolenic acid

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62
Q

Precursor in the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A

omega-3
linolenic acid

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63
Q

PHYSICAL and PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS

____ of even numbered carbon fatty acids:
* increases with chain length
* decreases according to unsaturation

A

melting point

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64
Q

PHYSICAL and PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS

containing three saturated fatty acids of 12 C or more is solid at body temperature
▫ 18:2 fatty residues are liquid at body temperature to below 0°C

A

triacylglycerol

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65
Q

PHYSICAL and PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS

must be fluid at all environmental conditions
▫ More unsaturated than storage lipids

A

membrane lipids

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66
Q
  • Derived from eicosa- (20 carbon) polyenoic fatty acids
  • Arachidonic acid is the major precursors
A

eicosanoids

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67
Q
  • Are part of a family of biologically active lipids derived from the** twenty-carbon** essential fatty acids or eicosanoids;
  • Relates to the products of the cyclooxygenase pathway
  • Prostanoic acid as the central structural element
  • Three main groups
    ▫ Prostaglandins (PGs)
    ▫ Prostacyclins (PGIs)
    ▫ Thromboxanes (TXs)
A

prostanoids

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68
Q

central structural element of prostanoids

A

prostanoic acid

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69
Q
  • behave like lipids but acts as local hormones
  • Synthesized from eicosanoic polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid) to form cyclopentane ring
  • PG1, PG2, and PG3– numbers are based on the double bonds in the side chain
  • The letter component identifies the functional groups of the cyclopentane ring
A

prostaglandins

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70
Q

prostaglandin with keto group in 9th position

A

PGE

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71
Q

prostaglandin with hydroxyl group in 9th position

A

PGF

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72
Q
  • Cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom;
  • Its role is in clot formation (thrombosis)
A

thromboxanes

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73
Q

two major thromboxanes

A

A2 & B2

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74
Q
  • Formed via the lipooxygenase pathway
  • Has three (leukotrienes) to four (lipoxins) conjugated double bonds
A

LEUKOTRIENES & LIPOXINS

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75
Q

a proinflammatory agents and causes bronchoconstriction, thus play a part in asthma

A

leukotrienes

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76
Q

are esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol.

A

waxes

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77
Q

scientific name of sperm whale

A

physeter macrocephalus

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78
Q

major component of spermaceti wax

A

cetyl palmitate

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79
Q

synthetic form of cetyl palmitate

A

cetyl ester wax

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80
Q

Because of their long nonpolar C chains, waxes are very ____

A

hydrophobic

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81
Q

beeswax is also known as

A

yellow wax

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82
Q

Like other esters, waxes are ____ with water in the presence of acid or base to re-form the carboxylic acid and alcohol they came from.

A

hydrolyzed

83
Q
  • are three esters formed from glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
  • Main storage forms of fatty acids.
A

triacylglycerol

84
Q

have three identical fatty acid side chains.

A

simple triacylglycerols

85
Q

have two or three different fatty acids.

A

mixed triacylglycerol

86
Q

contain only saturated fatty acids; they make up most animal fat and are solids at room temperature. (no double bond)

A

saturated tricylglycerol

87
Q

contain at least one unsaturated fatty acid; they make up most vegetable oils and are liquids at room temperature.

A

unsaturated triacylglycerol

88
Q

have 1 C=C bond.

A

monounsaturated triacylglycerol

89
Q

have many C=C bonds

A

polyunsaturated triacylglycerol

90
Q

Increasing the number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain ____ the melting point of the triacylglycerol.

A

decreases

91
Q

have higher melting points; they are solids at room temperature.

A

fats

92
Q

Fats are derived from fatty acids with ____ double bonds.

A

few

93
Q

have lower melting points; they are liquids at room temperature.

A

oils

94
Q

Oils are derived from fatty acids having a ____ of double bonds

A

larger number

95
Q

are used to build cell membranes, insulate the body, and store energy for later use.

A

fats

96
Q

It is recommended that no more than ____% of a person’s caloric intake should come from lipids.

A

20 - 35%

97
Q

A high intake of ____ is linked to heart disease.

A

saturated triacylglycerol

98
Q

Saturated fats stimulate ____ synthesis, which can lead to cholesterol plaques building up inside arteries. (atherosclerosis)

A

cholesterol

99
Q

lower the risk of heart disease by decreasing the level of cholesterol in the blood.

A

unsaturated triacylglycerol

100
Q

Triglycerols formed from ____ are very helpful in lowering the risk of heart attack.

A

omega-3 fatty acids

101
Q

if the double bond of the unsaturated triacylglycerol is ____, the beneficial effect is lost.

A

trans

102
Q
  • primarily synthesized instead of naturally occurring
  • act like saturated fats and increase the cholesterol levels in the blood.
A

trans fats

103
Q

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed with water in the presence of ____, ____, or ____ (in the body).

A

acid, base, or enzymes

104
Q

Humans store ____ as triacylglycerols in adipose cells below the surface of the skin, in the breast area, and surrounding internal organs.

A

energy

105
Q

The number of adipose cells is ____

A

constant

106
Q

weight gained or lost causes adipose cells to ____ or ____, but not decrease or increase in number

A

swell or shrink

107
Q

To metabolize triacylglycerols for energy, the esters are hydrolyzed by enzymes called

A

lipases

108
Q
  • Esters of fatty acid, alcohol and another compound.
  • has more than 1 component
A

compound lipid

109
Q
  • Fatty acid and alcohol plus a phosphoric acid residue
  • Frequently have nitrogen-containing bases and other substituents (glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids)
A

phospholipids

110
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

the alcohol is glycerol

A

glycerophospholipids

111
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

the alcohol is sphingosine

A

sphingophospholipids

112
Q

fatty acid and sphingosine plus carbohydrate.

A

Glycosphingolipids

113
Q

are lipids that contain a P atom

A

phospholipids

114
Q

Two common types of phospholipids

A

phosphoacylglycerols
sphingomyelins

115
Q
  • Main lipid constituents of membrane
  • Derivatives of phosphatidic acid
A

phospholipids

116
Q

Phosphate is esterified with the ____ of a suitable alcohol

A

-OH

117
Q

intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols

A

Phosphatidic acid

118
Q
  • are the main component of most cell membranes.
  • Structurally, they resemble a triacylglycerol, except the third fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphodiester bonded to an alcohol.
A

Phosphoacylglycerols

119
Q

The two fatty acid side chains form____ that lie parallel to each other.

A

2 NONPOLAR TAILS

120
Q

The phosphodiester end of the molecule is a

A

charged or polar head

121
Q

One of the main types of phosphoacylglycerols

A

cephalin

122
Q

cephalin is chemically known as

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

123
Q

The second of the main types of phosphoacyl-glycerols

A

lecithin

124
Q

lecithin is chemically known as

A

phosphatidylcholine

125
Q
  • Phosphoacylglycerol containing choline
  • Most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline
  • present in egg yolks
  • can be used as lipid lowering
A

phosphatidylcholine
lecithin

126
Q

important in nervous transmission, as acetylcholine, and as a store of labile methyl group

A

choline

127
Q
  • Effective surface-active agent
  • Major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs.
  • Absence: Respiratory distress syndrome
A

dipalmitoyl lecithin

128
Q

phosphatidyl in tissues

A

phosphotidylserine

129
Q

inositol has stereoisomer called

A

myoinositol

130
Q

Precursor of second messenger

A

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL

131
Q

important constituent of the cell membrane phospholipids and cleaved into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate (internal signals or second messenger)

A

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate

132
Q
  • bisphosphatidyl glycerol
  • Is an important component of the** inner mitochondrial membrane**, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid
  • It serves as an insulator and stabilizes the activity of protein complexes important to the electron transport chain
A

CARDIOLIPIN

133
Q
  • Are intermediates in the metabolism of phosphoglycerols
  • Important in the metabolism and interconversions of phospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine)
  • Found in oxidized lipoproteins and can promote atheroschlerosis
A

LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS

134
Q
  • do not contain a glycerol backbone, they have a sphingosine backbone instead.
  • do not contain an ester; their single fatty acid is bonded to the backbone by an amide bond.
A

Sphingomyelins

135
Q
  • 10% of the phospholipids of the brain and muscle
  • Resemble phosphatidylethanolamine (ether linked)
  • Alkyl radical is an unsaturated alcohol
A

PLASMALOGENS

136
Q
  • Found in large quantities in brain and nerve tissues
  • Yields fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline, and a complex amino alcohol, sphingosine
A

SPHINGOMYELINS

137
Q

the coating that surrounds nerve cells, is rich in sphingomyelins.

A

myelin sheath

138
Q
  • Sphingosine plus amino acid
  • Structure found in glycosphingolipids
A

CERAMIDE

139
Q
  • Distributed in every tissue of the body
  • Nervous tissues (brain)
  • Plasma membrane – cell surface carbohydrates
A

glycolipids

140
Q

glycolipids is also known as

A

GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

141
Q
  • Major glycolipids in animal tissues
  • Ceramide + sugar
A

Glycosphingolipids

142
Q

Are complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of a sialic acid

A

GANGLIOSIDES

142
Q

Major sphingolipid of brain & other nervous tissue, C24 fatty acids

A

GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE

143
Q

principal sialic acid found in human tissues.

A

NEURAMINIC ACID

144
Q
  • contains ceramide, one molecule of glucose, one molecule of galactose and one molecule of NeuAc (neuraminic acid)
  • The simplest gangliosides in tissues
A

GM3

145
Q

product of simple and compound lipid upon hydrolysis.

A

derived lipid

146
Q
  • occur in plant and animal foods
  • also exhibit in complex forms with other substances
  • obtained from hydrolysis of fats
  • usually contains an even number of carbon atoms and are straight chain derivatives
A

fatty acids

147
Q

Acylglycerols, cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester are uncharged, so are termed

A

neutral lipids

148
Q

are a group of lipids whose carbon skeletons contain several fused rings

A

steroids

149
Q

the most prominent steroid, is synthesized in the liver and found in almost all body tissues.

A

cholesterol

150
Q

It is obtained in the diet from many sources, including meat, cheese, butter, and eggs.

A

cholesterol

151
Q

a molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism, which then elicits a response at a different site.

A

hormone

152
Q

Two important classes of steroid hormones

A

sex hormones
adrenal cortical steroids

153
Q

female sex hormones

A

estrogen & progestins

154
Q

male sex hormones

A

androgen

155
Q

estrogens that control development of secondary sex characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle, and are made in the ovaries.

A

estradiol
estrone

156
Q
  • called the “pregnancy hormone”
  • it is responsible for the preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg.
A

progesterone

157
Q
  • are androgens made in the testes.
  • They control the development of secondary sex characteristics in males.
A

testosterone
androsterone

158
Q
  • Synthetic androgen analogues that promote muscle growth
  • They have the same effect as testosterone, but are more stable, so they are not metabolized as quickly.
  • They have come to be used by athletes and body builders, but are not permitted in competitive sports.
  • Prolonged use can cause physical and psychological problems.
A

anabolic steroids

159
Q

Three examples of adrenal cortical steroids

A

aldosterone
cortisone
cortisol

160
Q

regulates blood pressure and volume by controlling the concentration of Na+ and K+ in body fluids.

A

aldosterone

161
Q

serve as anti-inflammatory agents, which also regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

A

cortisone
cortisol

162
Q

Prolonged use of these steroids can have undesired side effects, including bone loss and high blood pressure.

A

adrenal cortical steroids

163
Q

Adrenal Cortical Steroids

a synthetic alternative, has similar
anti-inflammatory properties

A

prednisone

164
Q

are organic compounds required in small quantities for normal metabolism and must be obtained from the diet.

A

vitamins

165
Q

Vitamins are either ____ solube or ____ soluble

A

water or fat

166
Q

four fat-soluble vitamins that are found in fruits, vegetables, fish, liver, and dairy products.

A

A D E K

167
Q

fat soluble vitamins are stored in

A

adipose cells

168
Q
  • found in liver, fish, and dairy products, and is made from β-carotene.
  • It is needed for vision and for healthy mucous membranes.
  • deficiency causes night blindness and dry eyes and skin.
A

vitamin A

169
Q
  • can be synthesized from cholesterol.
  • It can be obtained in the diet from many foods, especially milk, and helps regulate Ca and K metabolism.
  • deficiency causes rickets (bone malformation).
A

vitamin D

170
Q
  • Precursor of vitamin D2
  • Occurs in plants and yeast
  • It is turned into viosterol by UV light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol (a form of Vitamin D)
  • Acquires antirachitic properties when irradiated with UV light
  • A component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells
A

ERGOSTEROL

171
Q
  • an antioxidant, protecting unsaturated side chains in fatty acids from unwanted oxidation.
  • Deficiency causes numerous neurological problems, although it is rare.
A

vitamin E

172
Q

regulates the synthesis of clotting proteins (prothrombin), and deficiency of this leads to excessive or fatal bleeding.

A

vitamin K

173
Q

two types of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes

174
Q

are very potent compounds, which are not stored in cells, but rather** synthesized in response to external stimulus**.

A

eicosanoids

175
Q

Unlike hormones they are local mediators, performing their function in the environment in which they are synthesized.

A

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

176
Q

are carboxylic acids that contain a five-membered ring and have a wide range of biological activities.

A

prostaglandins

177
Q
  • are responsible for inflammation
  • also decrease gastric secretions, inhibit blood platelet aggregation, stimulate uterine contractions, and relax smooth muscles.
A

prostaglandins

178
Q

PROSTAGLANDINS

relieve pain and inflammation by blocking the synthesis of these molecules.

A

Aspirin and ibuprofen

179
Q

two different cylcooxygenase enzymes responsible for prostaglandin synthesis called

A

COX-1 & COX-2

180
Q

involved in the usual production of prostaglandins.

A

COX-1

181
Q

responsible for additional prostaglandins in inflammatory diseases like arthritis.

A

COX-2

182
Q

inactivate both COX-1 and -2, but increase risk for stomach ulcer formation.

A

NSAIDS

183
Q

Drugs sold as Vioxx, Bextra, and Celebrex block only the____ enzyme** without affecting gastric secretions**.

A

COX-2

184
Q

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation, so ____ to reduce this inflammation are commonly used.

A

INHALED STEROIDS

185
Q

are molecules that contribute to the asthmatic response by constricting smooth muscle of the lung.

A

LEUKOTRIENES

186
Q

New asthma drugs act by blocking the synthesis of ____, which treat the disease instead of just the inflammation symptoms.

A

LEUKOTRIENE C4

187
Q

Not steroids, but synthesized like cholesterol

A

POLYPRENOIDS

188
Q

participates in respiratory chain in
mitochondrion

A

UBIQUINONE

189
Q

takes part in glycoprotein synthesis by transferring carbohydrate residues to asparagine residues of polypeptide

A

DOLICHOL

190
Q

rubber, camphor, fat soluble- Vit A, D, E & K and -carotene (provitamin A).

A

ISOPRENOID

191
Q
  • Lipids exposed to oxygen (Auto-oxidation).
  • A chain reaction providing a continuous supply of free radicals.
  • Effects of iclude:
    – deterioration of food (rancidity)
    – damage of tissue (cancer, inflammation, atheroschlerosis and aging) caused by free radicals containing methylene-interrupted double bonds
A

LIPID PEROXIDATION

192
Q

Catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and by lipoxygenases (platelets and leukocytes)

A

PEROXIDATION

193
Q

products of auto-oxidation

formed from cholesterol

A

OXYSTEROLS

194
Q

products of auto-oxidation

prostanoids

A

Isoprostanes

195
Q
  • Control and reduce lipid peroxidation
  • for food are propyl gallate, BHA, BHT
A

ANTIOXIDANTS

196
Q

ANTIOXIDANT

lipid soluble

A

VIT E

197
Q

ANTIOXIDANT

water soluble

A

VIT C
URATE

198
Q

reduce the rate of chain initiation.
* Catalases and Peroxidases
* glutathione peroxidase (reacts with ROOH)
* Selenium
* EDTA, DTPA (Chelators of metal ions)

A

PREVENTIVE ANTIOXIDANTS

199
Q
A
200
Q

ANTIOXIDANTS

trap superoxide free radicals

A

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE

201
Q

ANTIOXIDANTS

lipid phase trap ROO radicals

A

VIT E

202
Q

Contain predominantly nonpolar groups plus a polar
group.
* Molecule is partly hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
* Include fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, bile
salts, and cholesterol.
* Oriented at oil: water interfaces with the polar group
in water phase and the nonpolar group in the oil
phase.
* Basic structure of biologic membranes (bilayer).

A

AMPHIPHATIC LIPIDS

BIOCHEM LEC (29 decks)

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