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Microbiology > TOXINS Study Guide > Flashcards

TOXINS Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Toxoid

A

Altered or inactivated toxin. Either by heat or chemical means.

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2
Q

Toxemia

A

The presence of toxin in blood.

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3
Q

Antitoxin

A

Usually an antibody proteins that binds to toxin.

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4
Q

Why individuals need to be given toxoid despite the fact the body makes antitoxins.

A

Because it is used as vaccines to stimulate immune system.

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5
Q

Exotoxin

A

Synthesized and secreted by gram (+) (-) be bacteria; part of their normal growth and metabolism coded by plasmids or phage DNA( mainly)

Cytotoxin
Neurotoxin
Enterotoxin

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6
Q

Exotoxin

                 CYTOXIN
A

Kills/ affects host cell function

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7
Q

Exotoxin

                 NEUROTOXIN
A

Impairs neuronal cells, function; causes paralysis.

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8
Q

Exotoxin

                    Enterotoxin
A

Alters functioning of the gastrointestinal cell lining, causes intestinal disturbances.

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9
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipid A portion of outer membrane LPS of gram negative sps.

Released upon cell damage and cell wall breakage.

All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms, through to different degree.

Symptoms include dilation of blood vessels, drop in blood pressure.

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10
Q

Toxins

A

Harmful substances made by some pathogenic bacteria species. Cause tissue injury/ trigger host immune response

Normally blood or lymph soluble.

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11
Q

Endotoxin and exotoxins in relation to:

Source, relative toxicity, stability and effect in host.

A

Exotoxin:

Source: gram(-) and positive

Relative
Toxicity: high

Heat stability; unstable at high temp

Effect on host: variable

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12
Q

Endotoxin

A

Source: gram (-)

Relative
Toxicity: low

Heat stability: stable @1hr, 120 c

Effect on host: fever, shock,coagulation

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13
Q

Exotoxins are made by gram(-) and (+) bacteria.

A

There are both gram (+) and (-) exotoxins

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14
Q

Identify the various cytotoxins discussed in class.

A

Hemolysin toxin

Diptheria toxin

Anthrax toxin

Shiga toxin

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15
Q

Anthrax toxin:

A

(PA)- protective antigen

(LF)-Lethal factor

(EF)- edema factor

Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to engage the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host animal.

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16
Q

Is the anthrax toxin chromosomally coded or plasmid coded?

A

Virulent strains of B anthrax contain 2 large plasmids

1-plasmid encodes the three secretory toxins produced by the bacteria.

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17
Q

Exotoxin:

                Shiga Toxin
A

Potent cytotoxin made by Ecoli 0157H7

A part enters ->endothelial cells->reacts with-> ribosomes->Stops->protein synthesis

Also responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome.

RBC-> break up-> in tiny blood vessels->results in-> anemia, kidney failure, accompanied by paralysis and nervous system injury signs.

Avoids immune system to one cell to another. Gram negative

Bloody stool

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18
Q

Exotoxin:

                  Diptheria
A

Is an exotoxin secreted by corynebacterium diptheriae, the pathogen bacterium that causes Diptheria.

The toxin causes the disease Diptheria in humans by gaining by entry unto the cell cytoplasm and inhibiting protein synthesis.

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19
Q

How do Diptheria toxin get inside cells?

A

Consists of 2 polypeptides

One polypeptide binds to human growth factor on many types of human cells, triggering endocytosis of the toxin.

Once inside the cell, proteolytic enzymes split the toxin molecule, releasing the second toxin polypeptide into the cytosol.

This polypeptide enzymatically destroys a eukaryotic elongation factor- protein required for translation of polypeptides.

Because the action of the toxin is enzymatic, a single molecule of toxin sequent lay destroys every molecule of elongation factor in a cell, completely blocking all polypeptide sythesis and resulting in cell death.

Diptheria toxin is thus one of the more potent toxins known.

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20
Q

Neurotoxins target

A

Neurotoxin impairs neuronal cells function: causes paralysis.

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21
Q

Neurotoxins are:

A

Botulism toxin

Tetanus

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22
Q

Botulism toxin

A

Toxin belongs to AB- B attached to specific receptor on motor nerve endings

Toxin A- part enters inside, becomes an active peptidade enzyme that degrades a vesicles protein that’s responsible for attachment to cytoplasmic membrane.

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23
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Is another disease caused by neurotoxin produced by a species of Clostridium.

Causes prolonged muscular contractions

Complete, unrelenting contraction of the diaphragm results in final inhalation- patients die because they cannot exhale.

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24
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Loss of water-> lower blood volume due to water loss-> compromises vital organ functioning->

These conditions can produce muscle cramping, lethargy( tiredness), sicken eyes, heartbeat irregularities,kidney failure, coma, and death.

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25
Q

Mycoplasm pneumonia

A

Strictly aerobic encapsulated mycoplasma

Pleomorphic

Lipid in cytoplasmic membranes called sterols
A feature lacking in other prokaryotes

Contain both RNA and DNA
Binary fusion
Gram positive
Lack cell walls

M. Pneumonia attach to cilia causing it to stop moving up mucus

Bacteria stays in mucus

Close contact it spreads dormitory residents

Treated with erythromycin or tetracycline

Frequent hand washing

No vaccine
Smallest form of life- can squeeze through filters
Fried egg appearance

Mild symptoms
Persistent unproductive cough

Penicillin is not effective

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26
Q

Pneumonia virulence

A
  • capsule ->can protect cells from phagocytosis

- adhesive protein-> is bacteria cell to attach to receptors on the epithelial cell

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27
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • sexually transmitted disease
  • RNA and DNA
  • non motile and multiply w/in cells
  • gram (-)be bacterium, surround each chlamydial cell, but there is no peptidoglycan between membranes
  • no cell wall
  • transmitted by medical instruments and swimming pools.
  • non- motile
  • hides in sperm cells
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28
Q

Chlamydia antibiotics

A

Tetracycline and urthromysin

Then they target bacteria

Ribosomes and protein synthesis

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29
Q

Chlamydia-STD

A

Sexually transmitted disease:

  1. non gonococcal urethritis - similar, but minor than Gonnorea
    - a symptomatic, common in woman and complication is

PID- pelvic inflammatory disease/ immune response towards infected cells.

Men’s symptomatic- urthirtus painful urination pus and discharge from penis.

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30
Q

bubos- chlamydia

A

Infection of the lymph nodes painful inflamed lymph nodes.

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31
Q

Ocular disease:

A

Conjunctivitis trachoma.

- non traumatic blindness in children’s

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32
Q

STD

A

Lymphogranaloma vererum which is characterized by transient genital lesion at the site of infection on the penis, urethra, scrotum, vagina, cervix, or external female genitalia.

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33
Q

Chlamydia

A

Binds to conjunctival cells and multiplies within: killing them

Triggers- pus formation
Scars- conjunctiva
Inturn patients- eyelids turn inwards

Eyelashes irritates, scratches and scars cornea

Triggers- blood vessels invasion into clear areas; looses transparency

Leads to- blindness

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34
Q

Cellular morphologies

A

Elementary bodies

  • small, cocci shaped
  • infective form; dormant and similar to spores in resistance
  • extra cellular form
  • reticulate bodies
  • large, pleomorhic
  • reproductive forms
  • intracellular form
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35
Q

Rickettsia

A

Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever and transmitted by tick.

Spotted rash on trunks, appendages, palms and soles along with fever, headache, chills, muscle aches

May involve the resp, GI and nervous system; CNS infection may induce convulsions, coma and death.

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36
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Non motile

Gram (-)be aerobic intercellular parasite

Unlike chlamydial, has a peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide outer membrane; slime layer is also present

Outside host dies quickly; needs transmission from one host to another

Fragile bacteria

Enters host cell by endocytosis and excited cells by exocytosis

Prevents vehicle fusion with lysosomes to form phagosomes; breaks out of vehicle by enzyme secretion

Slow growing pathogen and divided only 8-12 hrs.

The bacteria remains dormant in ticks salary gland; prolonged feeding makes infective bacteria release into host system

Does not make any toxin the damage is often due to break down of blood vessels

Low blood pressure and insufficient nutrient and oxygen delivered to the body.

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37
Q

Are the anthrax toxin individual sub units?

A

No they are not.

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38
Q

Diptheria and its action

A

It’s an exotoxin secreted by corynebacterium diptheriae, the pathogen bacterium that causes Diptheria.

The toxin causes the disease Diptheria in humans by gaining entry into the cell cytoplasm and inhibiting protein synthesis.

2 sub units A-B

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39
Q

Diptheria

A

Pleomorhic

Non endospores forming

Gram positive

Colonizing the skin and respitory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital tract.

Is transmitted from person to person via respitory droplets or skin contact.

Poorer parts of the world that lack adequate immunization.

Individuals are symptomatic
Infections in immunocompromised individuals result in mild respitory disease.

Loeffler’s medium used for Diptheria

Treatment-administration of antitoxin- to neutralize Diptheria toxin before it binds to the cell.

Penicillin or enthromycin kills Cornebacterium, preventing the synthesis of more toxin.

Prevention starts with immunization DYaP

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40
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia is usually lobar
Affecting one or more lobes of the lungs

Signs and symptoms- fever, chills, congestion, cough, chest pain, which results in short and rapid breathing, nausea and vomiting

Blood frequently enters the lungs, causing coughed up sputum

Gram positive

Normal member of the microbiota of the mouths and pharyngeal of 75% of humans without causing harm.

Known as pneumococcus- short chains

Secretes a cytotoxin called- pneumolysin which binds to cholesterol in the in the cytoplasmic membranes of the ciliates epithelial cells, producing trans membrane pores that result in the lysis of the cells.

Are inhaled occasionally from the pharynx into lungs

S. Pneumonia can pass into the blood and brain to cause bacteremia and meningitis

Damage lining of alveoli allowing erythocytes, leukocyte a, and blood plasma to enter into the lungs

The fluid fills alveoli reducing the ability to transfer oxygen and causing the pneumonia.

Cephalosporin,erythromycin,and chloramphenicol are effective alternatives.

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41
Q

Tetnus neurotoxin

A

GAVA

Inhibitors

Can’t relax muscle

42
Q

Botulism

A

Acitiory

Does not contract

43
Q

Action of endotoxin

A

Lipid A portion of outer membrane LP of gram negative sps.

Released upon cell damage and cell wall breakage- MAC and antibiotics

All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms, though to different degree

44
Q

Anthrax

A

Coded by plasmids

45
Q

Diptheria

A

Is coded by chromosomal DNA

46
Q

Botulism

A

Enzymatic property

47
Q

How are toxins grouped based upon structure?

A

AB sub units

48
Q

Do the toxin ( botulism) toxin has any peptidade activity and the role.

A

Yes it does, when it enters in the cell the cell its part A turns into peptidase.

49
Q

Role of SNARE proteins

A

Facilitates fusion of target and vesicle membrane.

50
Q

COX enzyme

A

Is for the conversion for arantonic acid and catalizes to prostoglandin

51
Q

Action of Tylenol

A

Tylenol inhibits COX 3 and acradonic acid is not converted into prostoglandin so you do not get a fever.

52
Q

How are prostaglandins formed

A

At aracadonic acid are fatty acids formed in the brain and the prostaglandins are produced following oxidation of aracadonic acid COC enzyme is the catalyst for conversion of aracadonic acid to prostaglandin

53
Q

Chlamydial

A

Gram negative

NO CELL WALL

54
Q

Chlamydia- ocular diseases:

A

Conjunctivitis trachoma

inclusion trachomatis

55
Q

Chlamydia-

A

Lesions in lymph nodes at the groin are

“Bubos”

56
Q

Diptheria

A

Thus the polypeptide enzymatically destroys a eukaryotic elongation factor - a protein required for translation of polypeptides. Because the action of the toxin is enzymatic, a single molecule of toxin sequentially destroys every molecule of elongation factor in a cell, completly blocking all polypeptide sythesis and resulting in cell death.

57
Q

Gram negative

A

Diptheria, chlamydia, rickettsia

58
Q

Diptheria

A

Person to person/ skin contact

A symptomatic

Gram positive

Targets protein sythesis

59
Q

Cholara

A

02 El Tor is responsible for the pandemics, but new strains

0139 Bengal
Causing disease

Choleria toxin

Coded by plasmid

60
Q

Chlymidea

A

EB- elementary bodies

RT- reticulate bodies

61
Q

Cholerea

A

Contaminated water and raw under cooked sea food

62
Q

Prevention of Cholerea

A

Boil water, eat only cooked foods

Avoid raw vestibibles and fruit

Wash hands

63
Q

Shiga toxin

A

Poor sewage

Inhibits protein sythesis

Kills cells

Cause kidney failed

Attached to surface of neutrophils and is spread by them throughout the body, causing widespread death of host cells and tissues.

Antimicribial drugs induce E. Coli O257:h7 to increase its production of Shiga- like toxin, worsening the disease.

50% of beef carcasses in the U.S.

64
Q

Bio films

A

Regular household

Shower curtain, toilet bowl, kitchen sink

Industry: microbes accumulation in pipes, drains and cooling towers
Beneficial as in bio mediation : microbial mediated
Degradation can be enhanced by biofilms

Nature:

Nature:slipperiness of rocks

65
Q

Biofilms

A

Biofilms develops as a matrix which allows cells as well as the biofilm to attach

Matrix is made of,

  • DNA
  • proteins
  • fibers of glycocalyces

Biofilms with associated matrix protects members from environmental stress.(uv radiation), antimicribial drugs, pH alterations, temperature and humidity changes.

Concentrate and conserve digestive enzymes

66
Q

Quorum sensing and biofilms

A

Quorum sensing is the communication between members

  • cells respond to the neighboring cell’s density and secrets molecules.
67
Q

Biofilms

A

Develope an extra cellular matrix, composed of DNA, proteins,and primarily the tangled fibers of polysaccharides of the cells glycocalyces.

68
Q

Biofilm

A

Receptor blocking drugs have successfully blocked biofilm formation and prevented disease in mice and are being considered for use in humans

69
Q

Biofilms

A

Cause up to 70% of bacterial disease in industries countries

70
Q

Biofilm

A

Cause prostatitis, kidney infections, tooth and gum decay

Cystic fibrosis, and infections associated with implantation of medical devise.

71
Q

Rickettsia

A

Non- motile, gram negative

Peptidoglycan wall
And lipopolysaccharide

72
Q

Dermacentor

A

Transmitted by tick

73
Q

Rickettsia

A

Convulsions, coma and death

Enters and exits cells by endocytosis and exits cells by exocytosis.

Does not make any toxin

74
Q

Relationship amongst organism

A

Antagonistic (harmful)

Synergistic ( beneficial)- symbiotic- Complex

Symbiotic relationship: organisms lives in close contact(physically or nutritional)

Complex;

Biofilms are cooperative; benefits are amplified

  • many bacterial diseases are due to this kind of relationship.

Ex: microbes of different species are attached to tooth surface, mucous membrane of intestine and other body areas.

75
Q

Lag phase

A
  • no appreciable change in cell number; extend from few hours to few days
  • cells exhibits intense metabolic activity increased sythesis of proteins, cell wall component
    Phospholipids

Protein synthesizing machinery-
Exhibits maximal activity C in media from glucose to lactose-

76
Q

Log phase

A
  • period of rapid growth at exponential rate.
  • cells are metabolically active; cells divide at constant rate

Generation time- tuberculosis drug needs to be taken for a long time to target Micolic synthasis

  • medically important because drugs have more of an impact on the bacterial growth. They are more sensitive.
  • plot is a straight line; cells in mid exponential phase are valuable for researchers.
77
Q

Chemostat

A

Apparatus that keeps the cells in the log phase of growth.

( maintains the cells in the log phase)

  • inlate valve - fresh medium
  • outlet valve- dead cells and used
78
Q

Stationary phase

A
  • growth rate slows; new cells produced at the same rate a sold cells die

Limited resources

  1. Consumption of essential nutrients
  2. Waste products accumulation at toxic level
  3. pH changes
79
Q

Death phase

A
  • population enters this phase when dying exceeds number of new, viable cells
  • progressive in some; alternately called as the logarithmic decline phase
  • continues until small proportion of the cells remain or population dies out entirely
  • endospores are formed
80
Q

Nutrient uptake

A

Passive process-substance movement is from high consent ration to a region of low concentration

  • no expenditure of cellular energy

Active/ functions when bacteria are low in nutrient environment

  • there is expend entire of cellular energy
81
Q

Active transport

A

Involves substance movement from outside to inside
Against conc gradient

  • substance that cross membrane is not altered
82
Q

Group translocation

A

Cells picks up substance even though they are in lower cincentration outside

-substance altered during transport: prevents from leaving cell

Ex: glucose utilization by the phosphor transferase system purine

Pyramided and long chain fatty acids transport

83
Q

Rickettsias

A

Cultivated in eggs

84
Q

Chlamydia

A

Birds eggs

85
Q

Treponema

A

Testicle of rabbit

86
Q

Nitrogen

A

Used for back bone in prodigy an sythesis. Emine group for emio acids.

87
Q

Phosphorous

A

Phospholipid/ phosphorlization in ATP

88
Q

Sulfur

A

Proteins for electron transport chain. Amino acid sulfer containing amino. Trace- iron/ zinc/ copper/ cobalt/ manganese

89
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Incomplete destruction

90
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Complete destruction

91
Q

Gamma

A

Streptococcus - no defect on the red blood cells

92
Q

Growth factors

A

The necessary organic chemicals are called growth factors.

Vitamins are growth factors

Iron is essential element for the growth and development of all the scale of living organisms.

93
Q

Iron

A

Oxygen transport, ATP generation, cell growth and proliferation, and detoxification.

94
Q

Autotrophs

A

They feed themselves

Make organic compounds from co2 and thus need not make it from other organisms.

95
Q

Toxic forms of O2

A

Singlet 02-

Molecular oxygen with electrons that have been boosted to a higher energy state, typically. Very reactive

96
Q

Superoxide radical

A

A few superoxide radicals from during the incomplete reduction of O2 during electron transport in aerobes.they are so toxic that aerobic organisms must produce enzymes called super oxide did mutates to detoxify them.

97
Q

Hydroxyl radicle-(oh)

A

Results from ionizing radiation and from the incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide.

98
Q

Peroxide anion

A

Hydrogen peroxide formed during reactions catalizes by superoxide dismisses contains peroxide anion, another highly reactive oxidant.

99
Q

The types of anaerobic media

A

Non-selective blood agar medium

And gas pack medium

100
Q

Defined medium

A

Known

101
Q

Complex

A

Unknown

102
Q

Enrichment media

A

Low level to detectable level

Microbiology (19 decks)

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