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Microbiology > LAB EXAM 3 > Flashcards

LAB EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dark repair

A

Encludes different repair enzyme

Does not require light

Cuts the damage section

Later repaired by DNA polymerase 1 and DNA ligase.

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2
Q

Uv light experiment

A

UV light effects growth by interfering with DNA resulting in thymine dimer formation.

The dime fixation is confined with in adjacent thymine resides in same strand.(intrastrand)

These dimmer lesions have consequence on DNA functions including interference with DNA replication, transcription.

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3
Q

Fungi

A

They are heterotrophs and saprophytes.

Some are parasites

Cell wall made of chitin( target for anti fungal agents) is present

Majority of fungi are aerobes or facultative anaerobes.

Few are obligate anaerobes

Fungi prefers to grow at acidic pH( 5or lower)in high salt and sugar in slight moist environment and relative humidity of 70% or more.

They have a filament ours body( mycelium); individual filament is called hypha.

Hyphae are well adapted to absorb food

High surface to volume ratio
Releases enzymes to breakdown food;also acts as a repellant.

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4
Q

Specialized hyphae

A

Included haustoria and rhizoids

Haustoria: are associated with parasitic fungi

Rhizoids:are associated with saprophytic fungi
Aggressive vs. gentle nature of hyphae

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5
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Are ones which can grow as both yeast like ( unicellular) or as mycelia; human pathogenic fungi are dimorphic

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6
Q

Coliforms

A

Enteric gram negative bacteria that ferment lactose to gas and are found in intestinal tracts of animals and humans.

They ferment lactose generating acid and gas. Coliforms include Enterobacter aerogenes and Ecoli.

They are normal resident of gastrointestinal tract. And are representative indicator associated with fecal contaminated water.

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7
Q

Light repair

A

A light activated enzyme breaks pyramidine to pyrimidine bonds.

The enzyme: photolyase

Restores original DNA sequence

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8
Q

Anti fungal drugs

A

A. Affects membrane component:

Polyenes: includes Amphotericin and Nystatin

  • binds to ergosterol component, results in leaky membrane
  • very toxic; limited use in life treating conditions
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9
Q

Azoles

A

Includes clotrimazole and miconazole

  • inhibit ergosterol sythesis; interfere in the synthetic pathway
  • active component of medications( over the counter) used to treat localized superficial yeast infections.
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10
Q

Fungi- heterotrophs

A

An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

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11
Q

Rhizobia- Sporangiophores

A

Asexual sporangiophores are produced by sporangia at the end of elevated sporangiophores.

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12
Q

Rhizopus-zygospore

A

Two compatible mycelia fuse. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.

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13
Q

Fungus- rhizopus

A

Grows as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross walls. They produce by forming asexual and sexual.

They are found in a wide variety of organic substrates.

Infections may also be a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species.

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14
Q

Anti- fungal drugs

A

B. Cell wall synthesis

Echinocandins(ex Caspofungins) used for candida and Aspergillosis treatment.

Interferes with fungal cell wall sythesis

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15
Q

Anti- fungal

A

Cell division

Gresiofulvin ( synthesized by some fungi)

-exact mechanism, unknown

Thought to interfere with spindle fibers component ( tumblin) and blocks mitotic events.

Used in treatment of nail and skin fungal infections.

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16
Q

Anti- fungal

A

Nuclei acid sythesis: poor target

flu cytosine: taken by yeast cells and converted into active, inhibitory form, 5 fluorouracil ( inhibits nuclei acid synthesis).

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17
Q

Antimicrobial- General action of various anti microbial a used in the class experiment.

A

Hydrogen peroxide:

Is a common household chemical that can disinfect and even sterilize the surfaces of inanimate objects. Such as contact lenses.

Commonly mistaken to treat open wounds.

Does not make good antiseptic because catalase an enzyme real eased from damaged human cells.quickly neutralize hydrogen peri oxide by breaking it down to water and oxygen.

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18
Q

Phenol

A

To reduce infection during surgery. Phenol naturally occurring molecule that is also carbolic acid. Phenolics, which are compounds synthesized from phenol have greater Antimicrobial efficiency with fewer side effects.

Denature proteins and distrupt cell membranes in a wide variety of pathogens.

Vomit, pus, saliva, and feces, and they remain active of the surface for a long time.

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19
Q

Silver nitrate

A

Zinc, Mercury, copper, are Antimicrobial because they combine with sulfer atoms in molecules of cysteine, and amino acid.

Such binding denatures proteins, inhibiting or illuminating their function.

To prevent blindness caused by N. Gonorrah

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20
Q

Betadine

A

Medically iodine used either as a tincture or as an iodophor, which is iodine- containing organic compound that slowly releases iodine.

Betadine is an example of iodophor used in medical institutions to prepaid for skin surgery.

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21
Q

Bleach

A

Household bleach diluted by adding two drops to a liter of water can be used in emergency to make water safer to drink. It does not kill all protozoan cysts.

Chlorine is the main component.

The dairy industry and tester rants use these compounds to disinfect utensils, and the medical field uses them to disinfect hemodialysis systems.

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22
Q

Coliform bacteria and their detection:

A

The two most frequent contaminants found in canned foods are Clodtidium.

Low acid foods

Clostridium is especially problematic because of the cans and jars not heated sufficiently, the endospores germinate, grow? And release toxins inside the sealed container.

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23
Q

Fecal coliforms

A

Represented by Ecoli they are normal residents of the gastrointestinal tract.

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24
Q

Durham tube

A

The role of a Durham tube is to place broth to which the samples will be inoculated contains small glass tube to trap gas produced as lactose metabolism continues.

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25
Q

Concept of presumptive and confirmed test.

A

Presumptive test: done in theDurham tube to see if gas production has taken place from the lactose fermenting.
Change to yellow from red. And presence of air bubble in Durham tube.

Concerned test:an EMB plate is used to confirm presence of fecal coliforms which exclusively originates I decal contaminated water. EMB is to observe colonies.

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26
Q

FUNGUS

Sporangia

A

Is an enclosure where spores are formed. It can be composed of single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages firm sporangia at some point in their life cycle.

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27
Q

FUNGUS- spinangiospores

A

Are spores that are produced in a sporangium. A sporangium in fungi is simply cell containing spores

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28
Q

FUNGUS-Zygospore

A

Is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungus and Protists.

Zygospore said are created by nuclear fusion of haploid cells.

A zygospore remains dormant while it waits for environmental cells.such as light moister and heat.when the environment is favorable, the zygospore germinated meiosis occurred, and haploid vegetative cells are released.

29
Q

Fungal spores

A

Fungus reproduce with spores not usually pathogenic in humans,

30
Q

Bacteria spores

A

Endospores it’s function is to protect the DNA in harsh conditions.

31
Q

Transmission of GIARDIA

A

Is a microscopic parasite

Found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals.

Disease associated: intestinal infection by abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhea.

32
Q

Transmission- TRYPANOSOMA

A

Transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas.

Though a process known as antigenic variation some trypanosomes are able to encase host cells immune system by modifying their surface membrane

Infiltrates central nervous system

33
Q

Transmission- TRICHOMONAS

A

Sexually transmitted infection

It’s caused by a single called protozoan parasite.

Infection of the urogenital tract

Urethra and vagina in woman

34
Q

Transmission- Clonorchia

A

Eggs are small encapsulated, yellowish brown - turn into->

Swimming cercacriae released into fresh water and transform into metacercariae.

When these infected fish are invested by humans/ animals, the larvae are released into the duodenum, which then migrate to the bile ducts, can mature to adulthood w/ in 30 days.

35
Q

Transmission- LEISHMANIA

A

Sand flies transmit Leishmaniz parasites.

Humans also transmit parasite between each other through blood transfusion or shared needles.

36
Q

Transmission- TRICHINELLA

A

Transmission only occurs through the consumption of animal meat infected with pathogenic cysts, encasing larvae.

Animals in close contact with rodents such as domestic hogs. Are at high risk of contracting infection.

37
Q

Transmission- SCHISTOSOMA

A

Parasitic flatworms

Responsible for highly significant group of infections in humans

Contact with water in households children and woman get it.

38
Q

Diseases associated with

TRICHOMONAS

A

Vaginitis

Infection is in the urthra

39
Q

Disease- PLASMODIUM

A

Infection with plasmodia is known as maleria, a deadly disease widespread in the tropics.

40
Q

Disease- GIARDIA

A

Intestinal infection marked by abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea, and bouts of watery diarrhea.

41
Q

Disease- BLANTIDIUM

A

Causes serious disease of the gastrointestinal tract.

Explosive diarrhea

Colon may also occur in acute infections which can lead to life treating situations.

42
Q

Disease/ Leishmania

A

Transmitted by sandfly/ parasite

Disease is in skin and internal organs

43
Q

Disease- TRICHINELLA

A

Myocarditis, central nervous system involvement

Pain and weakness followed by slow progression of symptoms.

44
Q

Vectors- TRYPANOSOMA

A

Tsetse fly spreads parasite to human and animals

45
Q

Vectors- LEISHMANIA

A

Sand flies

Humans also transmit I between others blood transfusion

46
Q

Vectors- PLASMODIUM

A

Bites of mesquites

47
Q

IMBiC test, its importance

A

The test are a group of individual tests used in microbiology lab testing to

48
Q

Simmons citrate agar and its use?

A

Determine the ability of a microorganism to use citrate as a sole carbon source.

The agar contains citrate and ammonium ions
( nitrogen source) and bromothymol blue as an indicator.

The citrate agar is green before inoculation. And turns blue as a positive test, meaning that the citrate is utilized.

49
Q

Indole test

A

The organism under consideration is grown in peptone water broth. It contains tryptophan, which under the action of enzyme tryptophanase is converted to an idole molecule, puruvate and ammonium.

The indole is then extracted from the broth by means of xylene.

To test the broth for indole production, Kobac’s reagent

A positive is shown by the presence of a red violet color in the surface alcohol layer of

50
Q

Mannitol salt agar medium

A

Selective and differential

Salt/ selective for gram positive

Mannitol fermenting indicator

Distinguishing pathogenic in a short period of time.

Gives halo as a PH indicator

51
Q

Hemolysins

A

Are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by destroying their cell membrane.

52
Q

3 Hemolysins

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

Alpha- incomplete- dark green

Beta- complete- yellow

Gamma-unchanged - no color change

53
Q

Erythromycin

A

Act by binding to the 50s subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes and preventing the elongation of the nascent protein.

54
Q

Teracycine

A

Get in between the tRNA and ribosome.

55
Q

Streptomycine

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50s subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes.

Causing the ribosome to mistranslate mRNA, producing aberrant proteins or causing premature release of ribosome from mRNA, which stops synthesis.

56
Q

Penicillin

A

Binds to deactivate the enzyme that cross links to the NAM subunits of peptiglycan

57
Q

Chromophenicol

A

Large subunit

58
Q

Neomycin

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by irrervisibly binding to the 30s subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

This either causing the ribosome to mistranslate mRNA

Producing aberrant proteins, or causing premature release of the ribosome from mRNA

Which stops sythesis also bactericide by distroying outer membranes of G-bacteria.

59
Q

Butamediol pathway

A

Further metabolizes butanediol.

This metabolism does not react to the methyl red test in airway that refleets the production of butamidol detection by the Voges- Proskvair test.

60
Q

Plasmodium

A

Malaria

Mosquito

61
Q

TRYPANOSOMA

A

Tsetse fly

Anemia, cardiovascular problem and kidney disorders,

The disease may lead to extreme exhaustion and fatigue.

62
Q

TRICHOMONAS

A

T vaginitis

Sexually transmitted

Male
Female

63
Q

Leishmania sps

A

Sand fly

Tropical

64
Q

TRICHINELLA

A

Undercooked meat

Spiral large in the skeletal muscle

65
Q

SCHISTOSOMA

A

Has a unique lateral spine.

66
Q

Taenia sps

2 species

A

Beef- four suckers

Pork-round with hooks

67
Q

Indole test

A

Tryptophanase breaks down tryptophan into indole.

Reacts with kovac’s agent to get red color.

68
Q

Citrate utilization

A

Citrate- breaks down to exciloacte

Citrase permease- transport sodium citrate through cell.

Microbiology (19 decks)

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