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Microbiology > Endocrine System/ Cara Gambina > Flashcards

Endocrine System/ Cara Gambina Flashcards

1
Q

Pancreas (Alpha cells)

A

Causes liver to release glycogen

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2
Q

Thyroid/(Calcitonin)

A

Responsible for increasing the deposition of calcium into bone

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3
Q

Pituitary gland/(Prolactin)

A

Causes the production of milk in woman

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4
Q

adrenal glands/Aldosterone

A

Causes the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron to retain more sodium at the loss of a 2 thirds less potassium.

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5
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Responsible for driving your metabolism and raising your metabolic rate.

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6
Q

Insulin

A

Causes glucose and amino acids to be taken up by the muscle and adipose tissue and it also causes anabolic reactions in cells.

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7
Q

Oxytocin

A

associated with bonding in humans.nursing/ childbirth

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Detects a significant deviation from set set point, it produces hormones called tropic hormones.

These tropic hormones go to the pituitary gland, which is located inferior to the hypothalamus in the sphenoid bone, via a very small portal vain and signal the anterior pituitary gland to start making 1 or two more hormones.

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9
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Infundibulum contains axons that go to centers of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland,

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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Sits in the center of the brain

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Thalamus

A

Manly a relay point for afferent(sensory) nerve signals in the brain.

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors those signals closely

Produces hormones if sense a deviation.

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13
Q

Pineal gland

A

Is also part of the Diencephalon. The pineal gland receives sensory information from the eyes and helps establish circadian rhythms( day night cycles). It does so via the hormone melatonin which is produced at night.

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14
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Neck below the larynx and it wraps around the anterior trachea.

The thyroid gland produces an iodine containing hormone called thyroid hormone or thyroxine.
This hormone is vital for the driving your metabolism and raising your metabolic rate.

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15
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 pea sized - behind the thyroid

Maintaining a minimum blood calcium levels via the production of parathyroid hormone.

This hormone increases uptake of calcium in the kidneys and intestine as well as increases the activity of osteoclasts which break down bone releasing calcium in the process.

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16
Q

Adrenal glands and the pancreas

A

Located deep within the abdominal cavity.

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases insulin

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

Is produced in response to low blood sugar.

Causes the liver to release glycogen stores into the body and produce new glucose from amino acids.

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19
Q

Pars nervosa

A

The axons they decend from the hypothalamus terminate in the pars nervosa.

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20
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Rest in the superior surface of the kidneys and they are in reality 2 glands. In the center of the adreanal gland is called the adrenal medulla and composed of nervous tissue.

Axons from the sympathetic nervous system stimulate chromafin cells to produce adrenalin ( epinephrine) and noradrenalin( nor epinephrine)

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21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Is a hormone that increases the activity of osteoblasts in your bone.

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22
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Does this by increasing the activity of bone eating osteoclasts as well as increasing the absorption of calcium in the intestines and rea sorbitol in the kidneys.

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23
Q

Thyroid

A

Calcitonin ( increasing calcium)

Thyroxine ( metabolism)

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24
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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25
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Located posterior and inferior to the stomach and is responsible for producing 2 hormones that help regulate blood sugar.

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26
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Acidophils

Acidophil

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27
Q

Pancreas

A

Acini cells

Pancreatic juice which aids digestion

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28
Q

Pancreatic islet cells

A

Produce the endocrine hormones of the pancreas.

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29
Q

Endocrine organs

A

Secretory epithelia that release hormones

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30
Q

STEROID HORMONES

A

Interns into cell change mRNA expression

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31
Q

NONSTEROID HORMONES

A

Trigger the activation of second messengers

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32
Q

Second messengers

A

Trigger changes inside cells

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33
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that cause release of other hormones.

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34
Q

Hypothalamus (tropic hormone)

A

Secretes hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary gland.

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35
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Makes (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone

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36
Q

HUMORAL stimuli

A

Response to rising/ falling levels ( non- hormone) substances in blood.

37
Q

Neural stimulus

A

Trigger hormone release “ fight or flight” or nipple stimulation.

38
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Does not make hormones.

39
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Are Peptides or proteins - second messengers

40
Q

Anterior pituitary gland ( regulated)

A

By other tropic hormones and negative feed back.

41
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Stimulate growth/ release of additional hormones.

42
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone release hormone. Regulated by hypothalamus - pituitary gland

43
Q

Prolactin

A

Triggers milk production in woman

44
Q

FSH and LH

A

Trigger sperm/ egg development, release, sex hormone production.

45
Q

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary triggers release from ( outer) of the adrenal gland.

46
Q

Glucocorticoids ( cortisone and cortisol)

A

Reduce inflammation, raise blood sugar.

47
Q

Monetalocorticoids

A

Signal kidney to retain water and sodium.

48
Q

Tenon signal

A

Kidneys sense when your blood drops send hormonal signal

49
Q

Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Made in anterior pituitary.

50
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Act on most of your cells to regulate growth, calcium levels, body temp.

51
Q

The thyroid

A

(t4) (t3) increase rate of glucose burning, raises body temperature

52
Q

The thyroid

A

Tissues bt. follicles make calcitonin,which triggers calcium storage in bones.

53
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Autoimmune damage and cancer

54
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Occur if immune system destroys thyroid tissue

55
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Attached to thyroid/ hormone(PTH) keeps blood calcium up

56
Q

parathyroid gland(PTH)

A

Increases calcium absorption/ prevents kidneys from getting rid of hormone: triggers bone break down.

57
Q

Overactive parathyroid

A

Can lead to osteoporosis

58
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

Regulate blood sugar and growth

59
Q

TSH- thyroid- stimulating hormone

A

Made in anterior pituitary gland

Increased growth and hormone release from thyroid gland in the neck.

Thyroid hormones act on most of your cells to regulate growth, energy use and body temperature, calcium levels and sexual development

60
Q

Thyroid hormone - follicles

A

(t4) and ( T3)

Increase the rate of glucose burning raised body temperature

61
Q

Tissues in follicle of Thyroid

A

Makes calcitonin, which triggers calcium storage in bones.

62
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Ex, hypothalamic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete it’s hormones

63
Q

Hormonal

A

Hypo->pituitary gland->

64
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

Capillary blood contains low concentration of ca2 which stimulates

65
Q

Neural stimulus

A

Sympathetic fiber stimulates adrenal medulla cells

Norepinephrine and epinephrine during periods of stress.

66
Q

Endocrine organs

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands, and thymus, pancreas and the gonads.

67
Q

ADH hypo secretion

A

Diabetes insipidus

68
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Excessive urine output

69
Q

Goiters

A

Deficient in iodine

70
Q

Cretinism

71
Q

Myrdema

A

Physical and mental sluggishness

Hypothyroidism

72
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bones.

73
Q

Thyroxine

A

Majors hormone secreted by thyroid follicles

74
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops.

75
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Produce insulin, but for some reason their insulin receptors are unable to respond to it.

76
Q

Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH)

A

Peptide
Retention of water by kidneys

Hypothalamus

77
Q

Oxytocin

A

Peptide
Contracts uterus bonding

Nervous system
( hypothalamus)

78
Q

AL-pituitary gland

A

(GH) growth hormone

Protein
Stimulates growth
Hypothalamic

79
Q

(FSH) follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Protein
Stimulate ova and sperm

Hypothalamic hormones

80
Q

(TSH) thyroid- stimulating hormone

A

Protein
Stimulates thyroid gland
Thyroxine in blood

Hypothalamic hormones

81
Q

Adrenocortrpic hormone (ACTH)

A

Protein

Stimulates adrenal correct to secrete glucocorticoids

82
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH
Peptide

Raises blood calcium level

83
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Nervous system

Raise in blood glucose level

84
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Glucocticoids

Steroids

Increase blood glucose

ACTH

85
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Monetalocorticoids

Steroids

Promote transient ion of Na and excretion of K in kidneys

86
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin

Protein

Glucagon

Protein

87
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid hormone

Adrenal cortex
Regulation of blood pressure.

88
Q

Cortisol

A

Released in response to stress hormone steroid

Low blood glucose

From adrenal cortex

Microbiology (19 decks)

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