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Pharmacology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the metal chelators?

A

EDTA, succimer

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2
Q

Define LD50

A

Lethal dose needed to produce death in 50% of those treated

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3
Q

Define LC50

A

Lethal concentration of a gas to produce death in 50% of patients

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4
Q

Define NOAEL

A

No observed adverse effect level. Highest dose that does not produce significant toxic effect.

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5
Q

Define RfD

A

Reference dose, estimate of daily exposure to an agent that is assumed tohave no adverse health impact

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6
Q

What does anticholinergic toxicity (atropine) look like? What is the treatment?

A

Tachycardia, dry hot skin, elevate temp, urinary retention, agitated delirium.

Treatment with physostigmine

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7
Q

What does sympathomimetic toxicity look like? What is the treatment?

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, elevated temp, diaphoresis, mydriasis, seizures, paranoia

Treatment IV benzodiazepine
Lidocaine for cocaine induced ventricular fib

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8
Q

What does opiate toxicity look like? What is the treatment?

A

Hypotension, bradycardia, coma, respiratory depression, miosis, hyporeflexia

Treatment is naloxone

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9
Q

What is the treatment for nonopiates?

A

Symptomatic treatment

Flumazenil for benzo

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10
Q

What are the signs of cholinergic toxicity? How is it treated?

A

Confusion, muscle twitching, salivation, weakness, urination

Atropine
Pralidoxime for organophosphates, nerve agents

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11
Q

This is a non specific chelator, limits drug absorption.

A

Activated charcoal

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12
Q

This is a non specific antidote useful for drug poorly absorbed by charcoal such as lithium.

A

Whole bowel irrigation with PEG 3350

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13
Q

Organophosphates act as what?

A

Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors

carbamates(physostigmine)

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of organophosphate toxicity?

A

headache, nausea, dizziness, SLUD= salivation, lacrimation, urination, defication

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15
Q

What is the treatment for organophosphate toxicity?

A

Atropine.

2-PAM for non-carbmates

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16
Q

Where is methanol found?

A

Windshield washer solvent

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17
Q

What is the MoA of methanol?

A

metabolized to formaldehyde by ADH

cause blindness, metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

What is the treatment for methanol poisoning?

A

Fomepizole

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19
Q

Where is ethylene glycol found?

A

auto antifreeze

20
Q

What is the MoA of ethylene glycol?

A

Metabolized to oxalic acid that had high affinity for calcium causing hypocalcemia, tetany. Crystal formation leads to renal injury.

21
Q

What is the treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Fomepizole

IV Ca, B vitamins

22
Q

Where is diethylene glycol found?

A

improper pharmaceutical products

23
Q

What are the signs of diethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Anuric renal failure, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nausea

24
Q

What protein in the body acts as a chelator?

A

Metallothionein

25
Q

What is the difference in halftimes for lead?

A

short in soft tissue
long (years) in bone
Inorganic common

26
Q

What is the source of lead?

A

consuming contaminated food prepared in lead cooking utensils or canned food
Lead paint chips/dust inhalation,
drinking water

27
Q

Hypochromic microcytic anemia, weak wrist/ankle, encephalopathy, colic are signs of?

A

Lead poisoning

28
Q

What does lead do in the body?

A

inhibits hemoglobin synthesis resulting in anemia.

29
Q

What is the treatment for lead poisoning?

A

Succimer, or EDTA

Dexamethasone for cerebral edema

30
Q

What is childhood lead exposure associated with?

A

lower IQ, ADHD, aggressive behavoir

31
Q

Which form of arsenic is more toxic? where is it found?

A

Inorganic forms.

Shrimp,shellfish, water supplies

32
Q

Violent nausea, laryngitis, bronchitis, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, garlic breath are signs of?

A

Arsenic poisoning

33
Q

Hyperkeratosis, exfoliative dermatitis, vesicular lesions on feet are signs of chronic?

A

Arsenic poisoning

34
Q

Which form of methylmercury is more toxic?

A

Organic are highly absorbed from GI tract and pass BBB.

Contaminated fish and grain fungicides

35
Q

Cerebellar ataxia, movement disorders, deafness, loss of visual field are signs of?

A

Methylmercury poisoning

36
Q

When are metal chelators used?

A

Only used in patients with highly elevated metal levels or severe toxicity.

37
Q

This drug is given IV or IM for severe lead poisoning.

A

Calcium EDTA,

38
Q

This drug is toxic to kidney at high dose. It can cause flu-like symptomes.

A

Calcium EDTA

39
Q

This was the first orally effective metal chelator.

A

Succimer

more rapid than EDTA for lead and may also be used for mercury and arsenic

40
Q

This is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonirritating and ubiquitous gas.

A

Carbon monoxide

41
Q

What is the MoA of Carbon monoxide?

A

Out competes oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin and forms carboxyhemoglobin.

42
Q

Where is cyanide found?

A

Present in smoke (plastics, wool, metal plating)

43
Q

Bitter almond breath, apnea, tachypnea, loss of consciousness are signs of?

A

Cyanide poisoning

44
Q

How is cyanide poisoning treated?

A

Hydroxocobalamin

or Na nitrite

45
Q

Where are PCBs and dioxin found?

A

Flame retardants, plasticizers, insulating material

46
Q

Dermal acne-like eruptions called chloracne, nausea, headache, vomiting are signs of?

A

Dioxin poisoning

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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