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Pharmacology > Hallucinogens, Phencyclidine, Ketamine > Flashcards

Hallucinogens, Phencyclidine, Ketamine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five indoles hallucinogens?

A
  1. LSD lysergic and diethylamide
  2. psilocybin and psilocin
  3. bufotenin
  4. ibogaine
  5. dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
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2
Q

What are the phenylethylamine hallucinogenics that also produce amphetamine-like stimulants?

A

mescaline

methylenediooxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

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3
Q

What is the typical dose of LSD?

A

25-500mcg

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4
Q

How long for LSD effects and what is involved?

A

initial effects 30mins-2 hours

somatic and autonomic involvement

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5
Q

What are the sympathomimetic effects?

A

pupillary dilation, increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, piloerection, hyperflexia, tremors, increase in body temperature

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6
Q

What are the somatic effects?

A

dizziness, weakness, paresthesias, nausea

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7
Q

What are the subjective psychic changes?

A

anxiety, euphoria, giddiness, emotional lability, early stage is perceived as pleasant

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8
Q

When do the hallucinogenic effects develop in LSD?

A

Slowly in 1-3 hours.

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9
Q

What characterizes the hallucinogenic phase of LSD?

A

sensory distortions, depersonalization, difficulty differentiating drug effects from reality, anxiety, fear, paranoia, panic, emotional lability

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10
Q

What are the signs of acute poisoning with LSD?

A

Death from overdose is rare with LSD. More common in phenylethlamines.
panic reactions, fear, paranoia.
Treatment involves calming and reassuring patient. Anxiolytics.

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11
Q

These hallucinogenics are found in mushrooms and are similar to LSD?

A

psilocin psilocybin

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12
Q

This is similar to LSD but is much shorter.

A

Dimethyltryptamine ~1hour

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13
Q

This is found in mushrooms and the skin of amphibians.

A

Bufotenin

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14
Q

This is found in buttons of the peyote cactus, the somatic autonomic changes are more pronounced.

A

Mescaline

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15
Q

This is both a hallucinogenic and stimulant.

A

MDMA

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16
Q

This is an alkaloid found in the roots of an African shrub. It can suppress the craving for heroin cocaine.

A

Ibogaine

17
Q

When does tolerance occur in LSD?

A

Very rapidly after 2-3 doses.
Cross tolerance amoung hallucinogens
Do not cause physical dependence (phenylethlamines exception)
Psychologic dependence occurs

18
Q

What is an unusual aspect of the use of hallucinogens?

A

Flashback phenomenon. Long-term alterations in neuronal functions. Memories are triggered by a variety of cues.

19
Q

Heavy LSD use that is associated with long-term changes in visual information processing is called?

A

HPPD

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

20
Q

What is the proposed mechanism of action of hallucinogens?

A

Agonists at 5-HT2 presynaptic receptors
Decrease firing in the dorsal raphe nucleus
Alter reticular sensory filtering system.
May effect dopamine, enkephalins

21
Q

This drug is often mixed with marijuana. It is slowly eliminated, rapidly absorbed.

A

Phencyclidine

22
Q

How do the different doses of phencyclidine cause different effects?

A

Low dose - marijuana
High dose - amphetamine-like stimulant (restlessness, irritable, hostile)
Highest dose - psychotic, rage, hallucinations

23
Q

What reactions are more common with phencyclidine than other drugs?

A

psychotic

24
Q

What are common among heavy users?

A

social withdrawal, isolation, cognitive disturbances

25
Q

What can phencyclidine cause?

A

hyperflexia, increase muscle strength, analgesic activity.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phencyclidine?

A

blockade of NMDA receptors

27
Q

What are the symptoms of acute poisoning of phencyclidine?

A

Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, hypertension, vertical nystagmus, hostile, agression, hallucinations, convulsions,

28
Q

How do you treat acute poisoning of phencyclidine?

A

Support respiration.

Antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, acidify urine

29
Q

What are the symptoms of withdrawal, do they require treatment?

A

craving for drug, fear, anxiety, restlessness.

No treatment required.

30
Q

What are the hazards associated with long term use of phencyclidine?

A

psychosis and cognitive impairment may persist even after drug is stopped.

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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