Topography of the brain Flashcards
What is neurulation and outline early steps
neurulation is the development of the brain.
in the early stages, the ectoderm forms the primitive nervous system.
neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from the notochord, the cells thicken to form the neural plate and the lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form a neural tube.
What are examples of neural tube defects
anencephaly (fatal, failure of the anterior neuropore to close) and spina bifida (failure of the posterior neural tube to close.
what are the 3 primary vesicles in early brain development
prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
What does the prosencephalon divide into
telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
What does the mesencephalon divide into
forms the midbrain
what does the rhombencephalon divide into
divides into metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)
What 2 types of matter forms the CNS
grey matter ( mainly neuronal cell bodies) or white matter (mainly myelinated neurons)
What are the main components of the telencephalon
comprises the cerebral hemispheres/ cerebral cortex, components of the limbic system and the basal ganglia
How are the cerebral hemispheres divided
4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
What is the cerebral cortex and name some gyri and sulci
It is the outer lauer of the cerebral hemispheres and it is highly folded to form gyri and sulci, precentral gyrus (motor), central sulcus (divides frontal and parietal lobe), postcentral gyrus (sensory) and lateral sulcus (divides temporal from parietal lobe)
What is found in the frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (controls movement), motor speech and broca’s area
What is found in the parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
What is found in the occipital lobe
visual cortex
What is found in the temporal lobe
auditory, olfactory and gustatory cortex
What is the corpus callosum
A white matter tract which links our left and right cerebral hemispheres
What are some pathways created by deep brain structures
the limbic system (emotion and memory) and basal ganglia (control of posture and voluntary movement)
What are the main components of the limbic system
spans the telencephalon and diencephalon, cingulate cortex, fornix,amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and mammillary.
What is the fornix
a semi-circular white matter tract which connects the hippocampus with the mamillary bodies
What does the corpus striatum refer to
the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus which is the 2 main nuclei forming the basal ganglia.
the lentiform nucleus then divides into the putamen and globus pallidus
What are the two parts of the brain that forms the diencephalon
The thalamus and hypothalamus
Outline the function of the thalamus
a paired structure which relays sensory info to the cortex, involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness.
Outline the function of the hypothalamus
inferior to the thalamus, homeostasis ( coordinates ANS and endocrine responses. involve in thermoregulation, feeding and drinking, circadian rhythms
What components do the mesencephalon and rhomencephalon form
forms the brainstem and cerebellum
the brainstem forms the midbrain, pons and medulla
What are some important functions of the brainstem
contains cranial nerve nuclei within all 3 regions of the brainstem, vital resp and cardiovascular centres, vomiting centre, nuclei involved with motor control, sleep and white matter tracts
What are two important structures in the midbrain that are involved in auditory and visual senses.
superior colliculus (vision) and inferior colliculus (auditory)
What is the pons
a bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum and relays information between the two structures.
What are two aspects of the anterior medulla oblongata
the pyramid which houses the corticospinal tract and controls voluntary motor pathway and olive which is formed by olivary nuclei
what are two aspects of the posterior medulla oblongata
cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle
