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Module 202: Theme 1 > chemicals in the brain > Flashcards

chemicals in the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of synapsin

A

Anchors a pool of vesicles to the cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Outline synaptic vesicle release and recycling

A

after an AP, Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and calcium ions flow into the cytoplasm and activates calcium m calmodulin activated kinase 2 (caMKII) which phosphorylates synapsin. p-synapsin can no longer bind to the cytoskeleton, vesicles dock to the active zone.

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3
Q

What is a SNARE complex

A

They dock vesicles to the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Outline the mechanism of exocytosis

A

The vesicle docks and calcium is released once the AP arrives, the SNARE complexes are formed which pulls the two membranes together and allows the vesicle ot empty its contents into the synaptic cleft.

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5
Q

What are two important proteins on vesicles that aid in exocytosis

A

synaptobrevin and synaptotagmin

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6
Q

What are two important proteins on the terminal end of exocytosis

A

Syntaxin and SNAP-25

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7
Q

What is a property of botox and tetanus

A

They can prevent neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

What are the categories of neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids, Monoamines, acetylcholine and neuropeptides.

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9
Q

Where are neuropeptides synthesised, stored and what are they released in response to

A

They are synthesised in the cell soma and transported to the terminal, stored in secretory granules and released in response to global increase in calcium ions.

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10
Q

Give an example of a fast neurotransmitter

A

amino acid

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11
Q

give an example of a slow neurotransmitter

A

neuropeptides

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12
Q

How are fast NM categorised

A

excitator: glutamate and inhibitory: GABA in the brain and Glycine in the spinal cord and brainstem

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13
Q

How do excitatory NM work

A

They slightly depolarise the post synaptic cells membrane

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14
Q

How do inhibitory NM work

A

They slightly hyperpolarise the post synaptic cells membrane

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15
Q

Outline the functions of the seteronergic system

A

function in: mood, sleep, pain, emotion and appetite

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16
Q

Where is glutamate synthesised

A

At the presynaptic source either from glucose via the krebs cycle or from glutamine converted to glutaminase into glutamate

17
Q

Where is glutamate stored

A

Loaded and stored in vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT’s)

18
Q

How is glutamate reuptaked

A

Reuptake by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) in the plasma membrane of the presynaptic cell and surrounding glial cells.

19
Q

What is the role of glial cells in the reuptake of glutamine

A

They convert glu to glutamine and this is transported from the glia back to nerve terminals where it is converted back into glutamate

20
Q

Where is GABA synthesised

A

Synthesised from glutamate in a reaction catalysed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

21
Q

Where is GABA stored

A

loaded and stored into vesicles by vesicular GABA transporter

22
Q

How is GABA cleared from the synapse

A

reuptake via transporters on glia and neurons

23
Q

What is a result of too much GLU with too little GABA

A

hyper-excitability which can lead to epilepsy

24
Q

What can too much GABA result in

A

Sedation/ Coma

25
Q

What are two types of monoamines

A

catecholamines and indolamines

26
Q

give examples of catecholamines

A

dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline

27
Q

give examples of indolamines

A

seretonin

28
Q

Outline catecholamine synthesis 1

A

tyrosine is converted into dopa and then converted into dopamine

29
Q

outline catecholamine synthesis 2

A

dopamine is converted into noradrenaline which is converted into adrenaline

30
Q

How are catecholamines stored

A

loaded into vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATS)

31
Q

how are catecholamines released

A

released in response to increase concentraion of calcium ions

32
Q

how are catecholamines reuptaked

A

reloaded back into vesicles, enzymatically degraded by monoamine oxidases (MAOs) or inactivated by catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)b

33
Q

What is the action of fluoxetine (prozac)

A

SSRI- blocks reuptake of seretonin

34
Q

what is the action of fenfluramine

A

stimulates seretonin release, used as an apetite supressant.

35
Q

what is the action of MDMA

A

releases a lot of NT into the synapses.

36
Q

what is the action of choline acetyl transferase

A

converts choline and acetyl coA into acetylcholine,

37
Q

Outline the release and reuptake of acetylcholine

A

packaged into vesicles by vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), rapidly degraded in the synaptic cleft via AChE and transported back into the presynaptic terminal

38
Q

What are neuropeptides

A

Short polypeptide chains, variable in methods of synthesis and release and they move fairly slowly.

Module 202: Theme 1 (19 decks)

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