Topic J (Transport)

Question 1

Define Diffusion

Answer 1

Movement of particles form high concentration to low concentration until it reaches an equilibrium

Question 2

Define Osmosis

Answer 2

The movement of particles from high water potential to low water potential across a PARTIALLY permeable membrane

Question 3

How would the mass of a potato chip change if it is going to be put into a low concentrated solution?

Answer 3

It will increase as the water will move from the beaker into the chip, because the beaker has a higher water potential

Question 4

How would the mass of a potato chip change if it is going to be put into a high concentrated solution?

Answer 4

It will decrease, as the water will move from the potato chip into the beaker because the chip has a higher water potential than the beaker

Question 5

Why some potato chips didn’t change their mass in an osmosis experiment

Answer 5

Because there was an equilibrium between the water potentials in the potato chip and the beaker

Question 6

What do DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS have in common?

Answer 6

They are both passive processes - do not require energy

Question 7

Define Active Transport

Answer 7

Movement of particles against their concentration gradient. This process requires energy obtained from cell respiration

Question 8

Which type of respiration releases more energy?

Answer 8

Aerobic Respiration

Question 9

Give examples for Active transport

Answer 9

1) Plants taking up mineral ions in root hair cells from soil
2) Glucose in villus

Question 10

What do arteries do?

Answer 10

Carry the blood away from the heart

Question 11

What do veins do?

Answer 11

Carry the blood towards the heart

Question 12

What is an atria? Which part of the heart are they located?

Answer 12

Collecting chamber. Top

Question 13

What is a ventricle? Which part of the heart are they located?

Answer 13

Pumping chamber. Bottom

Question 14

Which vein carries the blood FROM the BODY into the HEART?

Answer 14

Vena cava

Question 15

Which artery carries the blood FROM the HEART to the BODY

Answer 15

Aorta

Question 16

What is the name of the vein and the artery which carries the blood between LUNGS

Answer 16

Pulmonary

Question 17

Describe the features like (WALLS, CARRY BLOOD FROM WHERE TO WHERE, OXYGENATION, PRESSURE, VALVES in ARTERIES)

Answer 17

WALLS: Thick and muscular
FROM…TO: Away from the heart
OXYGENATION: oxygenated except pulmonary artery
BLOOD PRESSURE: High pressure, because of muscle contraction
NO VALVES

Question 18

Describe the features like (WALLS, CARRY BLOOD FROM WHERE TO WHERE, OXYGENATION, PRESSURE, VALVES in CAPILLARIES)

Answer 18

WALLS: Really thin, can be only seen under a microscope
FROM…TO: Arteries to veins
OXYGENATION: Oxygenated at artery end and dioxygenated at veinus end
BLOOD PRESSURE: low
NO VALVES

Question 19

Describe the features like (WALLS, CARRY BLOOD FROM WHERE TO WHERE, OXYGENATION, PRESSURE, VALVES) in VEINS

Answer 19

WALLS: Small muscular + elastic fibres
FROM...TO:  Towards the heart
OXYGENATION: Dioxygenated except pulmonary vein
BLOOD PRESSURE: Low
VALVES are present

Question 20

What are the three parts in blood?

Answer 20

Liquid, Red blood cells, Solid part (Other cells)

Question 21

What shape do red blood cells have and why is it significant?

Answer 21

Biconcave, It increases the surface area, therefore increases the rate of diffusion

Question 22

What are the solid parts in blood?

Answer 22

Platelets, Phagocytes, Lymphocytes

Question 23

How is Phagocyte adapted to its main function

Answer 23

It has a lobbed nucleus which allows the cell to change shape and surround the bacteria in order to digest it

Question 24

Why is blood clotting important?

Answer 24

To prevent blood loss and entry of bacteria

Question 25

How does clotting work?

Answer 25

The red blood cells get trapped in the threads. This forms a blood clot

Question 26

What is plasma made out of?

Answer 26

90% water, 10% dissolved substances (!solutes)

Question 27

What are the 5 main functions of the plasma?

Answer 27

``` Carry food (glucose + amino acids) Carry enzymes, hormones and antibodies Carry urea from liver to kidneys Contain soluble fibrinogen involving in blood clotting Transport heat ```

Question 28

Why is CO so dangerous?

Answer 28

Combines with haemoglobin permanently, so preventing the pick up of oxygen

Question 29

Why is tissue fluid formation essential for the functioning of the cells?

Answer 29

Provides tissue with substances which are needed for the cell functioning without on relying on diffusion alone

Question 30

Which substances are needed by the cells? (4)

Answer 30

Oxygen, glucose, hormones, amino acids

Question 31

Which substances are produced by the cells? (3)

Answer 31

Energy, CO2, uria

Question 32

Give 2 differences between blood and tissue fluid

Answer 32

Doesn't contain red blood cells | Moves passively in lymph vessels

Question 33

What eventually happens to the fluid draining into the lymph vessels?

Answer 33

Drains into the blood around chest level then vena cava then heart

Question 34

Which vein and artery carries the blood FROM the HEART into the LIVER?

Answer 34

Hepatic

Question 35

Which artery carries the blood FROM the HEART into the INTESTINES?

Answer 35

Intestinal Artery

Question 36

Which vein carries the blood FROM the INTESTINES into the LIVER?

Answer 36

Hepatic portal vein

Question 37

Which vein and artery carries the blood FROM the HEART into the KIDNEYS?

Answer 37

Renal

Question 38

Which vein and artery carries the blood FROM the HEART into the LEGS?

Answer 38

Femoral

Question 39

What is a pathogen?

Answer 39

A disease caused by an organism or a particle

Question 40

What is an antigen?

Answer 40

Something which causes an immune response (particle, protein)

Question 41

What is an antibody?

Answer 41

Specific protein which 'neutralises' antigen or pathogen

Question 42

What is a Phagocyte?

Answer 42

A type of white blood cells that digest pathogens. 'Activates' lymphocytes

Question 43

What are memory cells?

Answer 43

immune cells that remain after an illness in order to produce antibodies of that type.