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Biology > Topic G (Coordination and Response) > Flashcards

Topic G (Coordination and Response) Flashcards

1
Q

Positive phototropism of stems?

A

When the stem is growing towards the light

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2
Q

Positive geotropism of roots?

A

When the root is growing towards gravity

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3
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone which can promote growth, causing the plant to grow in a certain direction

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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5
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?(2)

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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6
Q

How is the CNS linked to sense organs

A

By nerves

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7
Q

Reflex action

A

A way to minimize damage to the body by having a fast and automatic action that doesn’t involve the thinking

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8
Q

What is the sequence of a reflex action

A

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response

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9
Q

What is the reflex arc when touching something hot?

A

Receptors in the skin detect heat (stimulus) → sensory neurone sends impulses to relay neurone → motor neurone sends impulses to muscle (effector) → hand moves away (response)

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10
Q

What are the two systems that control our body?

A

Endocrine system and Nervous system

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11
Q

How does the endocrine system work?

A

Trough secretion of hormones that travel around via the bloodstream

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12
Q

How does the Nervous system work?

A

Trough electrical impulse that travel along nerves

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13
Q

Which system has a quick response?

A

Nervous system

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14
Q

Which system has a longer lasting effect?

A

Endocrine system

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15
Q

Which system has a focused effect?

A

Nervous system

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16
Q

Examples of Homeostasis

A

Body water temperature and body temperature

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17
Q

What does a coordinated response require?(3)

A

1) Stimulus 2) Receptor 3) Effector

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18
Q

In what direction do shoots grow? (2)

A

1) To the light 2) Away from the gravitation field

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19
Q

Why do shoots grow towards the light?

A

Need light for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Why do shoots grow away from gravity?

A

To grow upwards

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21
Q

In what direction do roots grow? (2)

A

1) Towards moisture 2) Towards gravitational field

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22
Q

Why do roots grow towards the moisture?

A

To obtain water for plant

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23
Q

Why do roots grow towards gravity?

A

To anchor a plant firmly in the soil

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24
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

Shoots

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25
On what side does auxin accumulate in shoots? Why? [in order to grow towards the light]
Dark, causing growth on that side and the shoot bends towards the light
26
On what side does auxin accumulate in shoots? [to grow up]
Lower
27
On what side does auxin accumulate in roots? [to grow downwards]
Bottom
28
On what side does auxin accumulate in roots? [to grow to moist?
Least moist
29
CNS
Central Nervous System
30
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain, spinal cord
31
Neurone
A nerve cell
32
What is a bundle of neurones also knows as?
Nerve
33
What are the three types of neurones?
Motor/Sensory/Relay
34
What do receptors do?
Detect stimuli
35
Example of a receptor
rod or cone cells in they eye
36
What do effectors do?
Bring about a response to a stimuli
37
Give two different examples of effectors
Muscles, glands
38
How do muscles respond to a stimuli?
Contract
39
How do glands respond to a stimuli?
Secrete hormones
40
What do receptors do?
Communicate with receptors via the nervous system and/or hormonal system
41
Where from does sensory neurone receive impulses from?
Receptors
42
Where from does motor neurone receive impulses from?
Relay neurones
43
Where from does relay neurone receive impulses from?
Sensory neurones
44
Where to does sensory neurone carry the impulse to?
Relay neurone
45
Where to does motor neurone carry the impulse to?
Effector muscle or gland
46
Where to does relay neurone carry the impulse to?
Motor neurone
47
What is synapse?
The gap between two neurones
48
How is the signal passed along the synapse?
Chemicals
49
Why is the reflex arc so fast?
The decisions are not made in the brain. It is the reflex, which doesn't require any thought process
50
What observations are made when a pupil is in bright light? Why?
Smaller pupil, less light enters the eye
51
What observations are made when a pupil is in the darkness? Why?
Large pupil, more light can enter the light to see
52
What happens for the pupil to become smaller?
Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax
53
What happens for the pupil to become bigger?
Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract
54
Antagonists muscles
Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other (the antagonist) relaxes
55
Describe the shape of the lens in the eye when looking at a distant object
Very thin
56
Describe the shape of the lens in the eye when looking at a close object
Almost spherical lens, as light has to bend more
57
What is an eye
A sense organ, which responds to light
58
Cornea
Refracts light, bends it as it enters the eye
59
Iris
Controls how much light enters the pupil
60
Lens
Focuses light onto retina
61
Retina
Contains light receptors
62
Optic nerve
Carries electrical impulses from the eye to brain
63
Yellow spot
A point on retina where there is a sharpest vision
64
Blind spot
A point where a human can't see because his optic nerve goes out from that point
65
Aqueous humour
Transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma in the front part of the eye
66
Vitreous humour
Clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina
67
Sclerotic coat
Outer covering protection for the eye
68
Choroid
Vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera
69
Conjunctiva
The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids
70
Cilary muscles
Muscle that relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing

Biology (13 decks)

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