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Biology > Topic G (Coordination and Response) > Flashcards

Topic G (Coordination and Response) Flashcards

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1
Q

Positive phototropism of stems?

A

When the stem is growing towards the light

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2
Q

Positive geotropism of roots?

A

When the root is growing towards gravity

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3
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone which can promote growth, causing the plant to grow in a certain direction

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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5
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?(2)

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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6
Q

How is the CNS linked to sense organs

A

By nerves

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7
Q

Reflex action

A

A way to minimize damage to the body by having a fast and automatic action that doesn’t involve the thinking

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8
Q

What is the sequence of a reflex action

A

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response

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9
Q

What is the reflex arc when touching something hot?

A

Receptors in the skin detect heat (stimulus) → sensory neurone sends impulses to relay neurone → motor neurone sends impulses to muscle (effector) → hand moves away (response)

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10
Q

What are the two systems that control our body?

A

Endocrine system and Nervous system

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11
Q

How does the endocrine system work?

A

Trough secretion of hormones that travel around via the bloodstream

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12
Q

How does the Nervous system work?

A

Trough electrical impulse that travel along nerves

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13
Q

Which system has a quick response?

A

Nervous system

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14
Q

Which system has a longer lasting effect?

A

Endocrine system

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15
Q

Which system has a focused effect?

A

Nervous system

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16
Q

Examples of Homeostasis

A

Body water temperature and body temperature

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17
Q

What does a coordinated response require?(3)

A

1) Stimulus 2) Receptor 3) Effector

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18
Q

In what direction do shoots grow? (2)

A

1) To the light 2) Away from the gravitation field

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19
Q

Why do shoots grow towards the light?

A

Need light for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Why do shoots grow away from gravity?

A

To grow upwards

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21
Q

In what direction do roots grow? (2)

A

1) Towards moisture 2) Towards gravitational field

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22
Q

Why do roots grow towards the moisture?

A

To obtain water for plant

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23
Q

Why do roots grow towards gravity?

A

To anchor a plant firmly in the soil

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24
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

Shoots

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25
Q

On what side does auxin accumulate in shoots? Why? [in order to grow towards the light]

A

Dark, causing growth on that side and the shoot bends towards the light

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26
Q

On what side does auxin accumulate in shoots? [to grow up]

A

Lower

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27
Q

On what side does auxin accumulate in roots? [to grow downwards]

A

Bottom

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28
Q

On what side does auxin accumulate in roots? [to grow to moist?

A

Least moist

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29
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

30
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord

31
Q

Neurone

A

A nerve cell

32
Q

What is a bundle of neurones also knows as?

A

Nerve

33
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A

Motor/Sensory/Relay

34
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Detect stimuli

35
Q

Example of a receptor

A

rod or cone cells in they eye

36
Q

What do effectors do?

A

Bring about a response to a stimuli

37
Q

Give two different examples of effectors

A

Muscles, glands

38
Q

How do muscles respond to a stimuli?

A

Contract

39
Q

How do glands respond to a stimuli?

A

Secrete hormones

40
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Communicate with receptors via the nervous system and/or hormonal system

41
Q

Where from does sensory neurone receive impulses from?

A

Receptors

42
Q

Where from does motor neurone receive impulses from?

A

Relay neurones

43
Q

Where from does relay neurone receive impulses from?

A

Sensory neurones

44
Q

Where to does sensory neurone carry the impulse to?

A

Relay neurone

45
Q

Where to does motor neurone carry the impulse to?

A

Effector muscle or gland

46
Q

Where to does relay neurone carry the impulse to?

A

Motor neurone

47
Q

What is synapse?

A

The gap between two neurones

48
Q

How is the signal passed along the synapse?

A

Chemicals

49
Q

Why is the reflex arc so fast?

A

The decisions are not made in the brain. It is the reflex, which doesn’t require any thought process

50
Q

What observations are made when a pupil is in bright light? Why?

A

Smaller pupil, less light enters the eye

51
Q

What observations are made when a pupil is in the darkness? Why?

A

Large pupil, more light can enter the light to see

52
Q

What happens for the pupil to become smaller?

A

Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax

53
Q

What happens for the pupil to become bigger?

A

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract

54
Q

Antagonists muscles

A

Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other (the antagonist) relaxes

55
Q

Describe the shape of the lens in the eye when looking at a distant object

A

Very thin

56
Q

Describe the shape of the lens in the eye when looking at a close object

A

Almost spherical lens, as light has to bend more

57
Q

What is an eye

A

A sense organ, which responds to light

58
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light, bends it as it enters the eye

59
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

60
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light onto retina

61
Q

Retina

A

Contains light receptors

62
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries electrical impulses from the eye to brain

63
Q

Yellow spot

A

A point on retina where there is a sharpest vision

64
Q

Blind spot

A

A point where a human can’t see because his optic nerve goes out from that point

65
Q

Aqueous humour

A

Transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma in the front part of the eye

66
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina

67
Q

Sclerotic coat

A

Outer covering protection for the eye

68
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera

69
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids

70
Q

Cilary muscles

A

Muscle that relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing

Biology (13 decks)

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