Topic D (Plant Reproduction) Flashcards
Mitosis in plants
Cell division resulting in exact copies
Meiosis in plants
Cell division resulting in pollen/eggs
What does sexual reproduction result in?
Genetic variation
Male parts of the plant(2)
1) Anther 2) Filament
What is the group name for the male parts of the plant?
Stamen
Female parts of the plant(3)
1) Ovary 2) Style 3) Stigma
What is the collective name for female parts of the plant?
Carpel
Anther
Pollen grains
Filament
Small stalk, which supports the anthers
Stigma
End bit of the style where pollen grains can be attached to
Style
Rod like section, which supports the stigma
Ovary
Contains the female gametes inside the ovules
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to a stigma for fertilization
Cross-pollination
Type of sexual reproduction where pollen of one plant transferred to the stigma of another
What do plants which use cross pollination rely on?
Wind or insects
Haploid
A cell which contain half of genetic material
Adaptations of plants for insect pollination (4)
1) Bright colored 2) Nectaries 3) Big, sticky pollen grains 4) Sticky stigma
Adaptations of plants for wind pollination (5)
1) Small, dull petals 2) No nectaries 3) A lot of small, light pollen grains 4) Long filaments, which hang outside the flower 5) Large stigma
Process of fertilisation in plants (4)
A pollen grain lands on a stigma –> a pollen tube grows out of a pollen grain into ovule –> The male nucleus meets the female gamete
How are pollen grains delivered to a stigma?
By wind or insects
From where to where and through what, does the pollen tube grow?
Pollen grain –> Style –> Ovary -> Ovule
What does ovary develop into?
Fruit
What does ovule develop into?
Seed
What does ovum develop into?
Embryo
Where does fertilisation occur?
Inside Ovules
What will happen to the seed before the correct conditions are reached?
In will remain dormant
What conditions are needed to start germination? (3)
1) Water 2) Oxygen 3) Temperature
Why is water needed for a plant seed to activate?
It activates the enzymes that break down the food in the seed
Why is oxygen needed for a plant seed to germinate?
Respiration, which provides energy to grow
Why is correct temperature needed for a plant seed to germinate?
Provide optimum temp for growth + enzymes, different for different plant types
Life cycle of a plant (8 stages)
Pollination –> Fertilisation –> Seed formation –> Seed disposal –> Dormant period –> Germination –> Growth of the new plant –> Formation of pollen and ovaries
Main advantage of sexual reproduction
Genetic variation
Why genetic variation an advantage?
There will always be individuals suited for the environment
Features of asexual reproduction (2)
1) Doesn’t result in genetic variation 2) Happens very quickly
What are runners?
Fast growing stems
Where from do runners grow?
Parent plant
Which way do the runners grow?
Sideways
Describe the differences between a parent plant and new plant produced by runners
Clones, No genetic variation
How does cloning of plants work?
Cuttings taken from a parent plant, which produces identical copies
Process of germination (6)
Absorption of water –> water activates the enzymes –> enzymes digest starch into simple sugars –> root and stem will grow –> Leaves appear –> Photosynthesis
How does the plant absorb water?
Through micropyle
