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BIO 241 > topic 9 - locomotion > Flashcards

topic 9 - locomotion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens to skeletal muscle during growth

A

hundreds of myoblasts fuse to form a long multinucleate cell

each muscle cell runs the entire length of the muscle

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2
Q

what is the cross bridge cycle

A

ATP binds to myosin causing the cross bridge to release
ATP hydrolysis cocks myosin into position
myosin attaches to actin to form cross bridge
myosin releases ADP and Pi causing working stroke

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3
Q

what happens when the number of cross bridges between actin and myosin in sarcomere increase

A

more force

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4
Q

what happens when the number of muscle cells in the tissue increases

A

more force

more muscle cells/fibres = more sarcomeres

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5
Q

what happens when the number of muscle cells in the tissue increases

A

more force

longer muscle cells/fibres = more sarcomeres

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6
Q

what happens when muscle contracts more slowly

A

more force

rapid contraction decreases number of cross bridges

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7
Q

what are the physiological limitations on energy production

A

limit rate of ATP production - critical component to make cross bridges produce force (can’t sprint long distance - only so much ATP we can make so quickly)

delivery of O2 to muscles (takes time)

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8
Q

what is the difference between max and sustained metabolic rates

A

ability to sustain high level of metabolic rate declines to a level of sustained

amount of energy you can generate to put into an activity reaches an asymptote

focus on the max possible metabolic rate to achieve a certain locomotion

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9
Q

what is the order of contributions to metabolism

A

pools of stored ATP in cells that provide instant energy (used fast)

have PCr (backup pool of ATP)
- PCr + ADP –> Cr + ATP

glycolysis (starts quickly making ATP)

oxidative phosphorylation (keeps making ATP (starts later, lasts longer)

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10
Q

what is the relationship between MR max and MR sus for long activities

A

MR max = MR sus

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11
Q

what is recovery metabolism

A

replenish cellular pools of ATP/PCr and remove lactic acid

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12
Q

what happens at the beginning of exercise

A

use cellular pools of ATP/PCr and produce lactic acid (anaerobic) creating a “debt”

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13
Q

does active MR max scale with mass

A

yes

small mass = small energy production
small mass = uses more energy per gram compared to larger animal

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14
Q

what is metabolic scope

A

capacity for locomotion
- relatively the same for endo and ectotherms

MRmax/RMR or MRsus/RMR

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15
Q

what is the difference in metabolic scope and rate between ecto and endotherms

A

scope = roughly the same across vertebrates (vertical difference in slope between MRmax or sus and RMR)

rate = overall lower in ectotherms

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16
Q

what does mass specific metabolic rate measure

A

energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism over 1 unit of time

kJ/kgh

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17
Q

what is the cost of transport

A

energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance

mass specific MR and divide by velocity (km/h)

kJ/kgkm

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18
Q

what are the factors affecting any type of locomotion

A

inertia
momentum
drag

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19
Q

what is inertia

A

tendency of a mass to resist a change in motion

increases with mass

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20
Q

what is momentum

A

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

increases with mass

21
Q

what is drag

A

force generated in the opposite direction of an animals mvmt be the density / viscosity of the medium

increases with mass/velocity

22
Q

what is the effect of size on drag

A

large organisms spend less energy overcoming drag than small organisms

small have less SA overall

as velocity increases, more energy has to go to oevrcoming drag

23
Q

what are the forces acting on a runner

A

gravity - largest factor in activity budget

thrust - energy needed for forward motion, lots of energy from each step is transferred to growth

drag - force generated in opposition to thrust (negligible in air)

muscle action - constantly supporting mass

24
Q

how does mass affect a runner

A

cost of starting = higher for heavier runner
mouse can speed up faster - can overcome inertia better
larger organism can reach higher speed

25
Q

how does mass affect mass specific MR

A

higher in smaller

large organisms have longer muscles
small organisms have shorter muscles

more expensive to contract short muscles (less force generated)

26
Q

how does velocity affect runners

A

As velocity increases, limbs move faster
- muscles contract faster
- more energy required

small have to work harder to run fast
- limbs / muscles are shorter
- stride is shorter so more contact with the ground (need to overcome gravity each time)

as velocity increases, more energy can go towards generateing forward motion
- momentum increases
- less contact with ground = less energy loss

27
Q

how does MS MR and CoT change with velocity increase

A

msMRmax increases linearly for both small and large

small organisms have greater msMR max than larger organisms

COT decreases linearly for both runners because inertia, momentum, and contact with ground decreases

smaller organisms have a steeper increase in MRmax with velocity and higher overall

28
Q

how to convert msMRmax to CoT

A

CoT at a velocity as the slope from the origin to the point of an msMR by velocity plot

velocity stays the same when converting (x value)

divide y/x to get CoT value (divide msMR by velocity at that point)

29
Q

what is the effect of mass on CoT

A

negative scaling relationship
larger mass = lower CoT for running

30
Q

what are the forces acting on a swimmer

A

gravity - negligible factor in activity budget
- big thing that differentiates flying, swimming, and running

thrust - energy needed for forward motion
- body shape is often adapted to minimise drag

buoyancy - generate neutral buoyancy (swim bladders)

drag - biggest cost to a swimmer, density / viscosity of water is greater than air

31
Q

what are viscous forces

A

skin friction drag (water has high cohesive properties)

higher in small swimmers (single celled organisms)

high SA to volume ratio means that a lot of water sticks to surface and being small means less mass and therefore less ability to generate force to overcome friction

32
Q

what are inertial forces

A

pressure drag

higher in larger swimmers (fish+)

larger organisms (higher volume) are going to create more turbulence which creates pressures that slow it down

33
Q

what is the optimal d/l ratio to minimise drag

A

0.25

more SA to volume = more skin friction drag
larger volume = more pressure drag

34
Q

how does mass affect swimmers

A

larger swimmers experience less skin friction drag (lower SA to volume ratio)

small swimmers must work harder to move faster (shorter muscles)

35
Q

how does velocity affect swimmers

A

as velocity increases, muscles contract faster (muscles contract faster, more energy required)

as velocity increases, pressure drag increases (energy expense rises sharply with velocity to fight pressure drag)

36
Q

what is the effect of mass on CoT

A

larger = lower cost

benefit from larger muscles, ability to generate more force, and lower skin friction drag

37
Q

what is the relationship between velocity and MS MRmax in swimmers

A

curve (U shape)
CoT at lowest point at an intermediate velocity

38
Q

why aren’t very small invertebrates shaped like fish

A

inertial forces are negligible
never go fast enough to generate pressure drag

different shapes help them catch currents

39
Q

what are the forces acting on a flyer

A

Gravity - more important at low velocities - effect between runners and fliers

Thrust - energy needed for forward motion

Drag - more important at high velocities - increases as speed increases

Lift - force generated that counters gravity that increases with velocity

40
Q

how does mass affect fliers overcoming gravity

A

Larger fliers fight harder (greater mass)
Very small fliers (insects) affected much less (very low mass)

Mass is very important for fliers
(runway for canada geese vs insects being able to fly immediately)

41
Q

how does mass affect fliers overcoming drag

A

Very small fliers “swim” through air due to higher relative density / viscosity
Larger fliers must work harder to overcome drag
Skin friction factors come into play

42
Q

how does velocity affect fliers

A

As velocity increases, limbs move faster
Muscles contract faster, more energy required

very small fliers have to work hard to move fast - continually beat wings to stay aloft

43
Q

how does velocity affect lift and drag

A

as velocity increases, both lift and drag increase

energy expense to fight gravity decreases but energy expense to fight drag increases
drag becomes a tradeoff with gravity

44
Q

what is induced power vs parasite power

A

induced power = energy required to counter gravity
(decreases at high velocity)

parasite power = energy required to counter drag
(increases at high velocity)

45
Q

how to find optimum velocity to fly

A

where induced and parasite power slopes cross

46
Q

what are the msMRmax and CoT curves in fliers

A

CoT minimsed at intermediate velocities

smaller flier = more energy overall than a larger flier

47
Q

what is the ranking of CoT in different locomotions

A

runner = higher CoT
flyer
swimmer = lower CoT

48
Q

why is CoT different in different locomotions

A

due to relative importance of gravity

negligible in swimmers (buoyancy overcomes)
fliers generate lift to overcome gravity (intermediate effect)
runners fight gravity with every step

BIO 241 (22 decks)

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