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BIO 241 > topic 7 - energy budgets > Flashcards

topic 7 - energy budgets Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the difference between organisms in energy demands

A

differ in the relative amounts they spend on each part of their life history

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2
Q

what do energy budgets depend on

A

size
environment
thermoregulation

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3
Q

what is the difference in energy demand between larger and smaller animals

A

larger = more energy required but less per unit body mass
smaller = less total energy required but more per unit body mass

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4
Q

what is the energy allocated to homeostasis used for

A

wear and tear
metabolism
survival (big portion)

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5
Q

what is the energy for thermoregulation used for

A

keeping body temp within limits
(not present in ectotherms)

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6
Q

how does size impact energy demand

A

the way they move, how often they eat, and what they eat

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7
Q

what is scaling

A

how size/mass affect anat/phys/bio processes

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8
Q

what happens when you scale up a dimension

A

means more SA and even more volume

more SA = more membrane / skin
more volume = more mass

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9
Q

what is the difference in SA V ratio in different sized organisms

A

larger = smaller SA V ratios
(lots of volume and very low SA to interact with the environment proportionally)
- evolved ways to increase SA to exchange matter and energy with their environment (lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, intestines, etc)

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10
Q

how does the scaling of SA work

A

SA scales with mass - because mass and V are related

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11
Q

what do logarithmic axes mean

A

shows a predictable relationship

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12
Q

what are the implications of body size scaling

A

organisms need to obtain resources and excrete waste to support their mass (volume)

organisms exchange matter and generate energy across their membranes (SA)

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13
Q

what is the disadvantage for large organisms with their SA V ratio

A

reduced efficiency (lots of biomass to “service” but relatively low SA to do it with)
diffusion distance (large distance to flow inside to out)
specialised systems (need to divert energy to building and maintaining systems to increase SA)

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14
Q

what are the advantages for large organisms with their SA V ratio

A

heat retention (heat produced by large volume but lost through small SA)
water conservation
structural strength

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15
Q

what is the formula for allometry

A

y = aX^b

mass (X) effect on any given biological variable is given by this power function

a = value of Y per unit mass
b = scaling component

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16
Q

what is the meaning of b (scaling component)

A

b = 1 - isometry (flat line)
b = 0 - biological variable is independent of body mass
0<b<1 = increase and then plateau
b>1 = exponential increase
b<0 = exponential decrease

17
Q

what is isometry

A

variable scaling at the same rate as body size

ex: heart mass scales at the same rate as body mass for marsupials

18
Q

what is the benefit of log transformations

A

used to understand power relationships (esp in allometry)

19
Q

what is positive/hyper allometry

A

slope > 1 on log transformed graph

as one variable increases, the other increases at a faster rate

ex: as body size increases, the claw size grows at a faster rate

20
Q

what is negative/hypo allometry

A

slope < 1 on log transformed graph

as one variable increases, the other increases at a slower rate

ex: as body size increases, the brain grows at a slower rate

21
Q

what are the types of energy usage

A

assimilation = what gets used by the organism
= RMR + activity + production
= available energy

RMR = energy used at rest
activity = behaviour, reproduction, thermoregulation
production = stored by the organism (ex: from growth)
excretion = what is lost by the organisms to the environment

22
Q

how does body size affect energy in larger animals

A

need more food
- greater energy per unit time
eat more food
- eat less relative to body size
take in more air and pump more blood with each breath / heartbeat
- slower breathing and HR

23
Q

how to minimise energy excretion (maximise assimilation)

A

chewing, selecting palatable food, length of gut (hyperallometric), food retention time (hypoallometric)

24
Q

what is energy RMR

A

rate of energy consumption per unit time at rest with routine activities

rate at which organisms converts chemical energy to heat and external work
calories/t or J/t

helps determine how much food an animal needs

25
Q

what is BMR (basal metabolic rate)

A

metabolism at complete rest (lowest possible)
measured while fasting in vertebrates
done on endotherms

26
Q

what are the considerations with BMR

A

standard measure of metabolic rate

measure on endotherm when animal is in a thermoneutral zone, fasting, and resting

27
Q

what is SMR (standard metabolic rate)

A

metabolic rate measured at a specified temp (ectotherms)
- don’t regulate internally, so need to specify temp
- still done while fasting and resting

28
Q

what is FMR (field metabolic rate)

A

metabolic rate measured in wild animals

might not be accurate because not lab controlled

29
Q

what is direct calorimetry

A

measures the rate at which heat leaves an animals body

expensive and cumbersome

30
Q

what is indirect calorimetry

A

respirometry - measuring an animals state of resp gas exchange with environment
(O2 consumed or CO2 produced as proxy for metabolism)

material balance method - measuring the chemical energy content of the organic matter that enters and leaves the body
(uncommon)

31
Q

how does RMR scale with body size

A

bigger = more RMR
negative allometry

body mass and RMR have the same slopes across organisms
y = aX^0.75
- metabolic rate increase with mass raised to the 3/4 power

32
Q

how to calculate mass specific metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate per unit body mass
whole organism rate/mass

Y - aX(b-1)
(b-1) = always negative for mass specific rate
decreases with increases body weight
- holds for any biological variable when you make it mass specific

33
Q

what is the effect of activity on energy

A

increases heat generated
includes most forms of mvmt above resting state
activity increase may offset the thermoregulation costs of a dormant (resting) organism

34
Q

what is the effect of growth and reproduction on energy

A

production represents both growth and reproduction

balanced energy budget - should = 0
more than enough energy consumed = positive and mass will increase
not enough energy consumed = negative and mass decreases

BIO 241 (22 decks)

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