Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 241 > topic 5 - organotrophy > Flashcards

topic 5 - organotrophy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

combustion reaction
glucose is “burned” in O2 to produce CO2, water, with the release of heat

series of coupled redox reactions that release the free energy of glucose and transfers energy to other molecules (NADH, FADH2, ATP) and products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between oxidation and reduction

A

oxidation = loss/partial loss of e-
reduction = gain/partial gain of e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens during coupled redox reactions

A

non polar covalent bonds in the reactants are broken

polar covalent bonds in the products are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens during the coupled reactions in aerobic resp

A

bonding e- shared equally between the C atoms in glucose have moved further away from the C nuclei in CO2
- glucose is oxidised as it forms CO2

bonding e- shared equally between the O atoms in O2 have moved closer to the O nuclei in water
- O2 is reduced as it forms water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the importance of the nicotinamide ring in NAD+

A

important in gaining / losing e-

molecule gains 2 e- and 1 proton through reduction to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the importance of flavin ring in FAD+

A

helps it gain 2 e- and 2 protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is reduction potential

A

production of NADH/FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a reduced e- carrier

A

e- transport molecules that move e- from one reaction to another

transports energy in the form of high energy e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

present in all - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

occurs in the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is glycolysis

A

partial oxidation of glucose
occurs through 10 connected reactions (product becomes substrate)

each reaction is catalysed by an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the energy requiring reactions and energy releasing reactions in glycolysis

A

energy requiring
- glucose (6C) —> 2 G3P (3C)
- uses 2 ATP

energy releasing
- 2 G3P (3C) —> 2 pyruvate (3C) + 2 H2O
- releases 2 NADH and 4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the net ATP of glycolysis

A

2 ATP
(2 used, 4 created)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are e- carriers reduced in glycolysis

A

proton and 2 e- from G3P are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

have:
- phosphorylated organic/reactant molecule
- ADP
- enzyme (not ATP synthase)

GENERATES ATP (how ATP is made in glycolysis)

2 molecules bind together in an enzyme active site and catalyse the transfer of P from a organic molecule of ADP to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens after glycolysis

A

not much ATP made - lot of energy still trapped in pyruvate

cell needs to remove pyruvate - don’t want final product build up in the cell

cell needs to restore NAD+ - need a way to oxidise the NADH made in glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is fermentation

A

anaerobic reduction of pyruvate

17
Q

when and where does fermentation occur

A

if O2 is limiting - pyruvate enters a fermentation pathway
occurs in eukaryotic and prokaryotic

occurs in cytosol

18
Q

what is the main goal of fermentation

A

to oxidise NADH to NAD+

19
Q

what is involved in lactate fermentation

A

reduce pyruvate to lactate (gains H+ atoms)
coupled to oxidation of NADH to NAD+
allows for glycolysis to continue (more NAD+ to support another round)

20
Q

what is involved in alcoholic fermentation

A

pyrvuate decarboxylated - CO2 molecule removed

acetaldehyde reduced to ethyl alcohol (H atoms added)

coupled to oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+

products = ethanol and CO2

21
Q

where is the inner membrane compartment / space (IMS) located

A

space between inner and outer membranes

22
Q

what occurs in the mito matrix (inside both membranes)

A

pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

23
Q

what happens on the inner mito membrane

A

electron transfer
ATP synthesis

24
Q

how does pyruvate get into the mito matrix

A

facilitated diffusion to get across outer mito membrane

high concen of pyruvate in matrix

secondary active transport (symport) with H+ moving from high to low to pull pyruvate across inner mito membrane

25
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation

A

bridge reaction - connects glycolysis and CAC

  • release of CO2 (decarboxylation)
  • e- lost reduce NAD+ to NADH
26
Q

what are the inputs and outputs in pyruvate oxidation

A

inputs
- pyruvate, NAD+, CoA

outputs
- acetyl coa (2C), NADH, CO2 (1C lost)
(still lots of PE in acetyl group)

27
Q

what is the role of coenzyme A

A

involved in lots of pathways
carries around 2C units

28
Q

what is the goal of the CAC

A

fully oxidise the C in acetyl coa to produce CO2

finish the oxidation of glucose to CO2

29
Q

what is the overview of the CAC

A

8 connected reactions (some coupled)
oxidise acetyl coa to CO2

oxaloacetate (4C) combines with acetyl group (2C) to form citrate (6C)

for each molecule of glucose - go through CAC twice (double inputs and outputs)

30
Q

what are the inputs and outputs for ONE turn of the CAC

A

input
- acetyl coa, 3 NAD+, ADP, FAD

output
- 2 CO2, 3 NADH, ATP, FADH2
(CO2 considered waste)

31
Q

where is the useable energy from the original glucose molecule after the CAC

A

NADH

32
Q

how is ATP generated by the CAC

A

substrate level phosphorylation

33
Q

where do the NADH and FADH2 from CAC go

A

transport e- to the ETC

34
Q

can only glucose be broken down into these pathways

A

no just glucose

proteins
- can be broken down into pyruvate/acetyl coa and CAC intermediates

fats
- can enter glycolysis and be broken down into acetyl coa

intermediates of the CAC can be used to build proteins or fats

35
Q

where does glucose go if the body doesn’t need ATP

A

glucose stored as polymer short term (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)

triglycerides can be generated for even longer term storage

process can be reversed if ATP needed

36
Q

what do organisms need C for

A

amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

37
Q

how does aerobic resp in prokaryotes occur

A

all metabolism occurs in the cytosol and on the cell membrane

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and CAC in cytosol

ETC on inner cell membrane with proton gradient made between the inner and outer membrane

pathways are the same

BIO 241 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions