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BIO 241 > topic 10 - reproduction > Flashcards

topic 10 - reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the ideal environment

A

unlimited resources to support maximal growth, long life, and continuous production of offspring (with high survival)

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2
Q

what is the ultimate goal of managing an energy budget properly

A

to have energy remaining to allocate to reproduction

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3
Q

what is the life history theory

A

every species has a pattern of growth and development, reproduction, and death shaped by natural selection

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4
Q

how does maximised reproductive success occur

A

tradeoffs due to fixed energy budgets (can’t maximise everything) and selective pressures
- environment (the way that the environment shapes the species and its performance - ability to turn energy into offspring)

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5
Q

what is abiotic and biotic

A

abiotic = weather
biotic = organisms that live nearby

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6
Q

what is a tradeoff

A

if 2 life history traits compete for a share of limited resources, then it’s impossible to maximise both traits simultaneously
- any gains in one trait will result in a loss by the other

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7
Q

what does a positive relationship mean in terms of tradeoff

A

no tradeoff
both traits can increase at no expense of the other

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8
Q

what does a negative relationship mean in terms of tradeoff

A

tradeoff between the traits
one can increase at the expense of the other

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9
Q

what is indeterminate growth

A

growth of the organisms continues throughout the lifespan

ectotherms - reptiles, fish, plants, etc

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10
Q

what is determinate growth

A

growth of the organism ceases when “adult” state is reached

endotherms - birds, mammals, etc

(some plants grow to a certain size and then push all energy into reproduction)

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11
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

produces clones

prokaryotes replicate genome and divide by binary fission
some eukaryotes replicate their genome and divide through mitosis

doesn’t involve wasted energy

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12
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

produces recombinants

only in eukaryotes
merging of different lineage (very different evolutionary processes)

energetic and evolutionary cost

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13
Q

what are life history traits

A

Growth rate
Parental investment
Number of offspring (fecundity)
Frequency of reproduction (parity)
Size / age at sexual maturity
Size of offspring
Longevity / life expectancy (mortality rate)

all traits can evolve and there is genetic variation in all traits

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14
Q

what is the tradeoff between growth and reproduction

A

high growth rate = less energy left over for reproduction
low growth rate = high energy left for reproduction (higher reproductive rate)

variation within species - due to genetic or environmental differences

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15
Q

what is the difference between pre and post birth energy investment

A

pre birth energy investment = seed development, gestation, etc (passive care)
post birth energy investment = raising offspring - investing in care after birth (active care)

(plants are not capable of active care)

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16
Q

what is the relationship between parental investment and number of offspring

A

high investment = less offspring (high survival)
less investment = more offspring (less survival)

17
Q

what is the tradeoff between reproduction and survival of parent

A

survival decreases as reproduction increases

18
Q

what is parity

A

how often an individual reproduces

19
Q

what is semelparity vs iteroparity

A

semelparity
- individuals of the same species can breed only once in its lifetime
- breed and die

iteroparity
- Individuals of the same species can breed more than once in its lifetime
- breed and then continue to life
- ancestral - most life forms are iteroparous - where life evolved from

20
Q

what is fecundity

A

ability to make many offspring

21
Q

what is the relationship between fecundity and body size

A

increases with body size
larger = more eggs (not a tradeoff)

advantage to delaying sexual maturity until larger

22
Q

what is the tradeoff between mating and lifespan

A

mated females = shorter lifespan (fruit flies)
energetic cost on eggs (less energy left over for disease protection, etc)

23
Q

how does predation influence life history traits

A

fewer predators = larger size at reproduction
more predators = smaller size at reproduction

higher predation = smaller size at maturity (spending more energy escaping with less energy left over to invest in growth)

24
Q

what are the life history strategies of r-selected species

A

Small offspring / adult size
Early sexual maturity
Often semelparous
High fecundity (lots of offspring)
Little parental investment
Low juvenile survivorship
Short lifespan
Evolved to reproduce quickly

associated with high population changes (booms and busts)

25
Q

what are the life history strategies of k-selected species

A

Large offspring / adult size
Late sexual maturity
Iteroparity
Low fecundity (not many offspring but invest a lot into the ones they do make - high survival expected)
High parental investment
High juvenile survivorship
Long lifespan
Evolved to compete

26
Q

why are life history tables useful

A

managing crops and livestock (farming planning)

conservation efforts (captive breeding programs)

pest/weed control

27
Q

what is the rate limiting step in population growth

A

females

28
Q

what do numbers at x=0 mean

A

characteristics of all individuals that are 0 years old

29
Q

what does lx mean

A

fraction of original cohort that is still allive (l = living)

lx = nx/no
(no = number of individuals at time 0)
(nx = number of individuals at

always trending down

30
Q

what is sx

A

survival from one age class to the next

sx = (nx+1)/nx
(nx =numbers of individuals at chosen year)
(nx+1 = number of individuals still alive in year after)

can go up and down in theory

31
Q

what is Ro

A

net reproductive rate

Ro = sum(lx*mx)

32
Q

what do Ro values indicate

A

Ro >1.01 = population increasing
Ro < 0.99 = population decreasing
0.99 < Ro < 1.01 = considered relatively

33
Q

what are the axes on a survivorship curve

A

x = % of max lifespan the animal made it to
y = log scale

34
Q

what is a type 1 survivorship curve

A

Low mortality until end of life
Large animals
Few young
High parental care
High juvenile survivorship

K selected

plateau and then drop off

35
Q

what is a type 2 survivorship curve

A

Constant rate of mortality throughout the lifespan
Change of death is constant throughout life - could be due to high predation

Mix of r and K selected traits

36
Q

what is a type 3 survivorship curve

A

Low juvenile survivorship
Mortality rate decreases with age - individuals that manage to survive young ages, live a long time

R selected

exponential decrease then plateau

37
Q

how to find the shape of the survivorship curve

A

plot nx value from life history table

38
Q

how to detect constant mortality

A

looks like type 3 on linear scale
looks like a straight line on log scale

BIO 241 (22 decks)

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