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BIO 241 > topic 1 - classification > Flashcards

topic 1 - classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the basic units of life, energy and heredity

A

cells = life
ATP = energy
DNA = heredity

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2
Q

how did aristotle order organisms, earth, and soul

A

minerals –> plants –> animals –> humans –> angels –> god

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3
Q

what is the 5 kingdom taxonomic heirarchy based on

A

similarities and differences in morphology and nutrition

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4
Q

what is the order of the kingdom taxonmoic heirarchy

A

kingdom - most inclusive
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species - only one organism

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5
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

Genus species (italics)

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6
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms and what are the differences between them

A

monera - unicellular, no nucleus
protista - mostly unicelluar, nucleus
fungi - multi or unicellular, nucleus (different from plants due to nutrition
plantae - nucleus, photosynthetic, non mobile
animalia - nucleus, mobile, heterotrophic (eats other organisms)

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7
Q

what is the use of rRNA

A

translate genetic info into proteins

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8
Q

how can rRNA be used to tell relation

A

more similar nucleic acid sequence = more closely related
- big difference = diverged long ago in evolution

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9
Q

why did we switch to the 3 domain classification system

A

rely more on genetics (nucleic acid sequence)
- based on similarities and differences in molecular info

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10
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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11
Q

what is the potential development in the 3 domain system

A

found that eukarya evolved from archaea (turn into 2 domain system with eukarya as a branch off of archaea)

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of bacteria

A

prokaryotic - no nucleus
unicellular
cell walls = peptidoglycan (mesh of carbs and proteins)
small - 1-5 um in radius/length

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of archaea

A

prokaryotic - no nucleus
unicellular
live in high salinity / high temp environments
many dont have a cell wall
soem have cell wall of pseudopeptidoglycan (same function as bacteria but chemmically very different)

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of eukarya

A

eukaryotic
nucleus
uni/multicellular
soem have cell wall (plants = cellulose, fungi = chitin)
large (10-100x larger than bacteria/archaea)

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15
Q

what are the similarities between eu and prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm
DNA
cell membrane
ribosomes

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16
Q

what are the differences between eu and prokaryotes

A

prokaryote
- DNA in cytoplasm
- single circular pieve of DNA condensed in the nucleoid
- lacks membrane bound organelles
- small

eukaryotes
- multiple linear pieces of DNA in nucleus
- endomembrane system
- organelles
- big

17
Q

what are the 2 reasons prokaryotic cells are small

A

geometry
diffusion

18
Q

how does geometry affect prokaryotic cells

A

every time a cell doubles in size - SA to volume ratio decreases by half

small cells have lots of SA relative to volume

19
Q

how does diffusion affect prokaryotic cells

A

smaller SA = nutrients can diffuse right into the middle of the cell - rate of diffusion can support the internal volume

larger SA = nutrients don’t reach the centre in the same amount of time it takes in a small cell

20
Q

how can eukaryotes be large

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • have endomembrane system (additional membranes = increased SA)
  • compartmentalisation of cytosol and transport of nutrients and waste

not solely relying on simple diffusion for molecule transport

21
Q

what is a vertical gene transfer

A

gene from parent passed to offspring

22
Q

what is a horizontal gene transfer

A

gene from one species becomes part of the genome of another species

bacteria gave rise to chloroplasts and mito from these events

23
Q

what are symbiotic relationships

A

occur between 2+ organisms
not always detrimental
common in nature

24
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

parasitic - benefit one, detrimental to other
commensal - one benefits and the other is neutral
mutual - benefit both

25
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

some eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells

26
Q

what is endosymbiosis (long)

A
  • host cell = archaea like prokaryote (energy starved)
  • endosymbiont = bacteria like prokaryote (efficient at aerobic resp)

host received - energy (ATP from bacteria)
endosymbiont received - protection and nutrients

host and endo became so dependent on each other that they could no longer be separated

endosymbiont evolved into mito
photosynthetic bacteria evolved into chloroplasts

host cell used excess energy to evolve more complex cell structures and grow

27
Q

what is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory

A

mito and chloroplasts are:
- same size as modern prokaryotes
- have circular DNA
- divide by binary fission (how prokaryotic cells divide)
- have ribosomes more similar to modern bacterial ribosomes

prokaryotic and mito rRNA are more similar than eukaryotic rRNA

28
Q

phototroph vs chemotroph

A

phototroph = light eater
chemotroph = chemical (food) eater

29
Q

autotroph vs heterotroph

A

autotroph = self eeater (gets carbon from CO2)
heterotroph = other eater (gets carbon from plants/animals/organic molecules)

30
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from organic sources and energy from organic sources

A

chemoorganoheterotroph (animals)

31
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from inorganic sources and energy from organic sources

A

chemoorganoautotroph

32
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from inorganic sources and energy from inorganic sources

A

chemolithoautotroph

33
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from organic sources and energy from inorganic sources

A

chemolithoheterotroph

34
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from organic sources and energy from light sources

A

photoheterotroph

35
Q

what is an organism called that gets its carbon from inorganic sources and energy from light sources

A

photoautotroph (plants)

BIO 241 (16 decks)

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