Topic 9 (Body Composition)

Question 1

BMI- ration of body weight (kg) to height (m) squared (kg/m^2)
Acceptable range: __.5 - __.9 kg/m^2
Overweight: 25-__.9 kg/m^2
Obese: >= __ kg/m^2

Answer 1

18.5-24.9
25-29.9
>=30

Question 2

Limitations of BMI:
-overestimate in people with more _______
- underestimate in atrophy or the _____ demographic, also those with edema
- overestimates people who are <_ft tall
Usefulness of BMI:
-Indicator of __ disease
-provides broad generalization

Answer 2

muscle
elder/older
<5
CV

Question 3

Regardless of sex and age, the prevalence of obesity is around __% in the U.S.
Regardless of sex, race, and ethnicity, there is a higher prevalence of obesity in the American _____, especially in _______ Americans and _______ Americans.

Answer 3

40%
youth
African, Mexican

Question 4

Summary of Obesity Prevalence:
-There’s been a rise in prevalence since the 19__’s.
-poor & minority groups have ______ rates
- African American & Mexican American females have the _______ rates
- The U.S. population is among the _________ worldwide.

Answer 4

90s
higher
highest
heaviest

Question 5

Health Risk Associated with Obesity
-psychological burden
-Increase in __ (hypertension)
- Increased levels of ____________ & other lipids
- Increased risk of gallstones
- Increased risk of osteoarthritis: __% increased risk for every 5 kg/m^2 increase in BMI, esp. in the hips & knees
-Increased prevalence of Type _ diabetes in youth
- Increased risk of cancer (colon, prostate)
-Increase risk of early death
Non-obesity reducing chances of mortality by __%, add _ years to life expectancy
-people underweight (BMI) are ____ likely to die from digestive and pulmonary disease

Answer 5

BP
cholesterol
50%
Type 2
15%, 3
more

Question 6

Regional fat distribution:
-Android obesity more prevalent in _____, “apple” shape appearance
-Gynoid obesity more prevalent in _______, “pear” shape appearance
-Intermediate obesity includes both the upper and lower body
- Abdominal fat: Intrabdominal fat stored deep in the abdomen
Which was is at the highest risk of heart disease?

Answer 6

males
females
Android

Question 7

Theories of Obesity:
-genetic & parental influences:
2 parents obese: __% chance
1 parent obese: __% chance
neither parent obese: __% chance
Environment estimated influence (heritability): 25-40%
- High energy (caloric) intake
- Low energy (caloric) expenditure
Thermic effect of food (TEF): energy expenditure above ___ (resting metabolic rate) several hours after meal

Answer 7

80%
40%
14%
RMR

Question 8

Obesity Treatments
-Adverse effects of rapid weight loss (more than _lb per week): Increased gallstones, excessive loss of ____ body mass, water & electrolyte problems, mild liver dysfunction
- 5 potential options: adjust ____, increase activity/exercise, behavior modification, gastric reduction surgery, drug therapy

Answer 8

1lb
lean
diet

Question 9

calories in - calories out (BMR/RMR/exercise) = energy (fat) stored or loss (______ loss or gain)

Answer 9

weight

Question 10

Gastric Reduction
-Meant for the severely obese (BMI > 39 or BMI > 34 with comorbid conditions)
-Meant as a last _____ effort
-See dramatic weight reduction
Complications
-tough ___________ weight loss, emotional trauma, medical complications

Answer 10

ditch
maintaining

Question 11

Drug Therapy
-used in tandem with diet modification in the 27-30 BMI range
-used as a _____ term solution
-Appetite suppressants (ex. Fen-Phen & Redux, both taken off the market, Sibutramine)
Orlistat: gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor - blocks / of fat absorption in small intestine

Answer 11

short
1/3

Question 12

Diet
-moderate caloric deficit
____-____ cal/day for women
____-____ cal/day for men
-low caloric deficit
___-____ cal/day for women
___-____ cal/day for men
-very low caloric deficit (VLCD)
< ___ cal/day
-fasting (<___ cal/day)

Answer 12

1000-1200
1200-1600
800-1000
800-1200
<800
<100

Question 13

VLCD
-loss of 3-5 lbs/wk for 12-16 wks total
- rapid initial weight loss
- Improvement in blood lipids, __, glycemic control for diabetics
-Generally ___ recommended, because it is not sustainable

Answer 13

BP
not

Question 14

BMR/RMR: energy/calories needed at ____. Influenced by ______ mass.

Answer 14

rest
muscle

Question 15

Weight Loss Strategies
-1lb of fat = ____ calories (500 cal/day to loss 1lb fat/wk)
Strategy 1: changes calories by __________ amount eaten
Strategy 2: ________ calories out by increasing exercise
Strategy 3: Decrease calories in and increase calories out (Strat 1 & 2 combined)

Answer 15

3500
decreasing
Increase

Question 16

Exercise Misconceptions
- Accelerates weight loss significantly when combined with a reducing diet: body may _____ to physical activity, diminishing its effect on weight loss over time.
- Causes RMR to stay elevated for a long time after bout, burning extra calories: Effect is usually modest and brief
- Counters the diet-induced decrease in RMR: Body tends to adapt to lower calorie intake regardless
- Counters the diet-induced decrease in fat-free mass

Answer 16

adapt

Question 17

Weight Maintenance
-The body _________ maintains weight
-1lb/year weight gain = __ calories/day more than you burn (about 1 potato chip)
-small changes in diet

Answer 17

naturally
10

Question 18

Diets
-Weight loss (loss of fat) by caloric deficit: Caloric deficit of 500 cal/day = 1lb/week of weight loss
- Diets claiming > 1lb/week most likely include the loss of fat-free mass, such as _______, glycogen, and _____ weight

Answer 18

muscle, water

Question 19

Most diets are initially successful because they create a calorie _______ (most due to water weight); however, as the body adapts to lower caloric intake, metabolism may ____ down, thus weight loss is harder to maintain.

Answer 19

deficit
slow

Question 20

Astrup, A. et al Lancet
A systematic review of low-carb diets found that the weight loss achieved is associated with the _________ of the diet and restriction of energy ______, but ___ with the restriction of carbs.

Answer 20

duration
intake
not

Question 21

Difficulties maintaining weight loss:
- genetic influences
- homeostasis
- failure to modify behavior
_________ exercise is the key factor in weight maintenance

Answer 21

Increased

Question 22

Eating disorders
- Anorexia nervosa: unwarranted fear of being overweight, leads to significantly ___ body weight.
-Bulimia nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging (ex. vomiting, excessive fasting & exercising) to avoid weight gain

Answer 22

low

Question 23

Mellor et al.
- studying child BMI and obesity in proximity to ____ ____ restaurants
- Students residing in homes with higher assessment values (housing value/socioeconomic status) were significantly ____ likely to be obese, and had significantly _____ BMIs.
- Students residing within one-tenth or one-quarter of a mile from a fast food restaurant had significantly ______ values of BMI
- Conclusion: Public health efforts to _____ access to fast food among nearby residents could have beneficial effects on child obesity.

Answer 23

fast food
less, lower
higher
limit