Topic 5 (Cardiorespiratory Fitness) Flashcards
Number of deaths caused by disease is called ___________.
Mortality
absence of health or the presence of illness/disease is called ___________.
morbidity
number of people who have a disease is called ___________.
prevalence
number of new cases of a disease is called _________.
incidence
Black adults are ___ more likely to die from CVD (cardiovascular disease)
32%
Regardless of sex and ethnicity, this disease is the leading cause of death
Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of ______ (fats, cholesterol, etc.) in the artery walls, which ______ blood flow
plaque
blocks
Key Abbreviations
CO - cardiac output (amount of _____ pumped by the heart, specifically the ____ ventricle; L/min)
BP - blood pressure (force of blood pushing through the ________; mmHg)
HR - heart rate (heart beats per min; bpm)
SV - stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out of the ____ ventricle during each cardiac contraction; mL/beat)
PVR - __________ ________ resistance (blockage to blood flow)
blood
left
arteries
peripheral vascular
4 Purposes of the Cardiorespiratory System
1) deliver ______
2) regulate ___________
3) transfer __________
4) remove end product ___________
1) oxygen
2) temperature
3) nutrients
4) metabolites
Difference between acute and chronic exercise
acute is a ______ session of physical activity, while chronic is a ________ exercise routine
single
repeated
Acute response to exercise influenced by 7 factors
1) baseline ________ status
2) temperature, humidity
3) time of day
4) amount of _____
5) amount of food, coffee intake
6) use of alcohol or tobacco
7) anxiety
1) fitness
4) sleep
3 phases of acute exercise
1) anticipatory
2) training
3) recovery
sympathetic drive is responsible for the “_____ or ______” response parasympathetic withdrawal is responsible for the initial increase of __
These would be found in the ____________ phase of acute exercise.
“fight or flight”
HR
anticipatory
What impacts stroke volume? (5 factors)
1) ______ return to heart (deoxygenated blood that returns to the right atrium)
2) ____ ventricular capacity to _______
3) contractility force of heart (allows more blood ejected per beat)
4) ________ pressure (higher arterial pressure makes it harder to eject blood, reduces SV)
5) sympathetic stimulation
1) venous
2) left, enlarge
4) arterial
McArdle, Katch, and Katch takeaways
__ goes up as intensity increases; __ is higher at supine (back) position compared to upright position because __ is higher (increased venous return to heart); regardless of intensity, __ is the same between supine and upright positions
CO
CO
SV
HR
Formula for MAP (mean arterial pressure)
DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)
magnitude of change in VO2max depends on __ (2 factors) during chronic exercise
1) ____ principle
2) Baseline activity level
1) FITT
main difference between acute and chronic training
In acute training, __ levels off and the increase in VO2 max is predominantly b/c of __ (after __-__% VO2 max). In Chronic training, __ accounts for the increase in CO, while __ has little difference/decrease.
SV
HR
40-60%
SV
HR
difference between cardiac output and SV
cardiac output = blood pumped out of heart per ______
SV = blood pumped out of heart per ____
minute
beat
skeletal muscles changes
1) Increase in ________
2) Increase in myoglobin
3) Increase size of ____-twitch muscle fibers
1) capillaries
3) slow
metabolic changes
1) increase in the # of ____________
2) increase in mitochondria enzymes
3) increase stored ________
1) mitochondria
3) glycogen
concentric contraction (muscle) _______ blood flow and compresses the ________ system. In response, the body issues an increase in __.
reduces
arterial
BP
True or false: A trained individual would have a lower stroke volume as compared to an aerobically untrained individual
False, b/c aerobic training strengthens the heart, allowing it to pump more blood per beat.
Oxygen _______ occurs at the beginning of exercise when the _______ of O2 exceeds supply; on a graph, it’s the ____ between rest and steady state. The body turns to _________ sources of energy while it adapts (ex. glycolysis) which results in _______ buildup and metabolites.
deficit
demand
area
anaerobic
lactate
Oxygen ____ occurs after exercise when the body recovers. Oxygen consumption will be ______ than it was at the beginning stage of rest, as the body adapts to return to homeostasis by replenishing _________ stores.
debt
higher
anaerobic
the reason why venous return to heart increases SV in the supine position is because of the _______ effects of gravity. The body is in horizontal alignment, so the body doesn’t have to work against gravity as hard to bring blood back to the heart, thus more blood can be pumped out.
reduced
The ________ arteries outside of the heart supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
coronary
________ carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues; _____ return deoxygenated blood to the heart for reoxygenation.
arteries
veins
difference between the central and peripheral components of the oxygen transport system
central = the ________/transport of oxygen (pumping action of the heart; expressed as CO)
peripheral = the utilization of oxygen by tissues
delivery
For the peripheral component, the formula for a-vo2 difference is the oxygen content in the ________ subtracted by the oxygen content in the _____. A higher a-VO2 different entails that muscles are ___________ more oxygen to meet energy demands.
arteries
veins
extracting
In acute exercise, the increase in heart rate is directly proportional with _________. HR increases for - min, then levels off, which is called ______ state.
intensity
1-3
steady
Formula for VO2
CO * a-vo2 difference
What is VO2 affected by
1) ____ (larger individuals have higher O2 demands)
2) ___ (VO2 declines with you get older)
3) ___ (males typically have higher VO2)
4) ________ (genetics influence baseline VO2)
5) level of _______ (Aerobic training improves CO)
linearly
VO2 increases ___ with exercise.
1) size
2) age
3) sex
4) heredity
5) fitness
linearly
If one of these occurs, then VO2 max is achieved
1) O2 consumption ________ during last min of VO2 max test
2) RER (CO2 produced/O2 consumed) >= _.__
3) HR within __ bpm of max (220-age)
4) Blood lactate > _ mmd/L
1) plateaus
2) 1.15
3) 10
4) 8
what 3 systems does VO2 max depend on?
1) respiratory
2) cardiovascular
3) musculoskeletal
The larger the muscle group, the larger the __ increase will be.
BP
which has a higher systolic BP response, static/isometric contraction (stationary) vs. dynamic (movement)
static/isometric
val salva maneuver
breath holding causes increased intra-_________ pressure and increase in __
abdominal
BP
