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Biology > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

individual

A

a single orgnism

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2
Q

population

A

all organisms of one species in an area

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3
Q

community

A

all the organisms of different species living together

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

all living organisms living in an area interacting with one another as well as the non living features of the environment like ph, water and sunlight

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5
Q

habitat

A

a place an organism lives

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6
Q

producers

A

photosynthetic plants

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7
Q

types of food web

A
  • aquatic
  • terrestrial
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8
Q

biotic features

A

living things that affect the community
- competition with other organisms
- disease
- predation

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9
Q

abiotic features

A

non living factors that affect the community
- temperature affects photosynthesis
- ph of soil or water
- wind intensity affects transpiration
- avalibilaty of water
- pollutants in air/soil

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10
Q

what do plants rely on animals for

A
  • pollination/ seed dispersal
  • animals release CO2
  • dead organisms decay and n2 released into the surface
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11
Q

what do animals rely on plants for

A
  • O2 in photosyntehsis
  • medicine
  • food
  • shelter
  • fuel
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12
Q

parasitism

A

a relationship between two different species where one benifits at the expence of another
e.g. fleas on cats fur, misletoe growing on branch, head louse on hair, human tapeworm

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13
Q

tapeworms cycle

A

1.tapeworm grows in the small intestine and releases eggs
2. tapeworm eggs eaten by animals
3. eggs hatch into larvae in animal muscle tissue
4. larvae from cysts in the animal muscle tissue
5. cyst survives in uncooked meat

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14
Q

fleas

A

bites host e.g. dog and lives off their blood

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15
Q

head louse

A

bites host e.g. human and lives off their blood (glucose and amino acids)

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16
Q

tape worms

A

lives in intestines of humans or other vertibrates and absorbs host’s digested food

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17
Q

head louse

A

eggs glued to hair preventing them from falling off

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18
Q

internal parasites

A

organisms that live inside host

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19
Q

external parasites

A

live on host

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20
Q

mutalism

A

relationship between two differnet species where both benifit
e.g. oxpeches pluck parocytes off (food) fleas, free from disease
e.g. nitrigen fixing bacteria live inside legumes - plants get nitrtaes for growth, bacteria from photosynthesis

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21
Q

cleaner fish

A

eat dead skin and paracyties off large fish, reduced disease

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22
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

have relationships with legumes such as beans + clover, live isnide nodles on teh roots and produce nitrates for the palnt used to grow (amino acids / protein)
bacteria obtains sugars that plant produces in photosynthesis
protected by root nodules

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23
Q

chemosynthetic bateria

A

realatinships with tubeworms in deep sea vents
tw gather chemicals for the bacteria and portects it from heat
chemosynthetic bacteria produce chemicals food for the tubeworm

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24
Q

why is only a small part of light energy tat falls onto the plant into glucose

A
  • soem light is reflected
  • light sasses through leaf
  • is the wrong wavelength
  • energy lost as heat in photosynthesis
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25
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of organisms in a trophic level (g)

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26
Q

why is some energy lost in each trophic level

A
  • not all of the producer is eaten e.g. bones
  • soem biomass is used in respiration which provides energy for movement
  • some lost as heat energy
  • lost in faeces and urine as not able to be digested)
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27
Q

only

A

1% of sun’s light energy is transferred in photosynthesis and stored in glucose

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28
Q

hight of bars

A

always teh same

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29
Q

percentage fof biomass transfetred

A

biomass in higher trophic level/ lower

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30
Q

why do some farmers keep their animals enclosed

A
  • less movemnt so less energy lossed
  • keep them warm
  • easily digestible food
  • reduce exersise, movment inside cage
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31
Q

biodivircity

A

variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

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32
Q

fish farms

A
  • preditors kept away to reduce harm
  • salmon fed concentrated high protein food
  • kept in cages so cant move around reducing energy lost to surroundings increasing their size / bimass
  • grow faster and bigger than in teh wild
  • have fewer diseases
  • grow mpore efficiently and less expensive, but dont taste as good
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33
Q

fish farming pros and cons

A

+ stops overfishing so maintians biodiversity
+ more fish produces for humans
- food given to fish and feases can leak into open water causng euthrophication and deaths of wild species and animals
- parasites can spread e=cevyr quckly and get out of farm infecting wild species caunig detah
- preditors attracted to net, get stuck and die
- can escape and cause problems fpr wild populations e.g. competeition for food/ spread disease

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34
Q

why do wild salmon have a lower amount of energy into growth

A
  • energy lost in movent
    loger food chain so energy lost before it reacges salmon
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35
Q

non indeginous

A

dont normally live in that area

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36
Q

non indi interions:

A

food
pest control
pros: introduced food for humans, contraols number of organisms e.g. pests
cons: non indi species comprte with indi species can outcmoete reducing biodiversity, can introduce disease to indi speices causing their death reducing biodiversity

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37
Q

why is this lily now all over the lake

A
  • its conidtions are similar to ones at its original country
  • sutible conditions
  • no natural herbivires eat it
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38
Q

reforestation

A

replating a forest where it once stood

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39
Q

why more than one tree species

A

to increase biodiversity, provide shelter for differnt organisms

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40
Q

conservation of animal species

A

protecting habitas
protecting species in areas out fo tehir natural habitas r.g. zoos captive breeding programs ensue animals breed with each other to increase numbers

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41
Q

conservation of plants

A

seed banks
- if seeds for crops are stors ensures food security in case plants fail
- alows conseravtion of seeds that have spesific traits e.g. drought resistance, pest resistance and disease resistance whch may be useful in the future

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42
Q

benifits of maintaing local an dglobal biodiversity

A
  • Ecotourism - areas with high biodiversity will attract tourists which brings money to the local area
  • provides jobs - conservation programmes re forestation provides employment for local people ecotourism
  • medicine - many plants in the rainforest contain chemicals for future medicine
  • ensures food webs are not damaged - if one species becomes extinct it will affect other organisms in the foodweb
  • protects human food supply - conservation programmes ensure there will be enough fish for future generations preventing overfishing
  • protects species important for country’s heritage - for example bold eagle in America
43
Q

Biological factors affecting levels of food security

A
    • increasing human population, ensure that enough food is that feed everyone
  • increasing animal farming and meat and fish consumption, more people want meat so area of land that you could use crops is used for animals even the more food can be made from lands with corpse and with animals
  • the impact of new pests and pathogens can destroy crops and reducing yield
  • environmental changes caused by humans, burning of your sofas causes global warming which can affect crops for food and flooding
  • sustainability issues for example the cost of agricultural inputs such as fertilisers machinery and fuel could be too expensive for farmers to continue growing crops for food
  • sustainability issues for example use of land for biofuel production diesel and petrol are made from crude oil and is another new below we are now growing more crops to make biofuels for example by ethanol from sugar cane corn but this means using a land to grow them which can be used for grazing crops for food
44
Q

food security

A

When all people are two times have access to safe sufficient nutritious food to maintain a healthy active life

45
Q

how can non indi speascies be intoeduces unintentiobally

A
  • aniamsl escape zoos, homes
  • transportaion of food on cargos/ planes
46
Q

advantages of using biofel over fossil fuels

A

produces less carbon dioxide when burned
renewable
biofuels produced locally, manufaturing plants can employ hundrends of workiers, ce=reating new jobs in rural areas

47
Q

disadvantages of using biofel over fossil fuels

A
  • in soem countries large areas of land are being used fro biofuel crops, loss of habitats, and extentsion of some species of animals and plants
  • consern that using valuable cropland to grow feul crops could have an impact on the cost of food and could possibly lead to food shortages
  • while they may be cleaner to burn, there are stronger indications that the porcess to produce the fuel inclusing machinery is nessesary to cultivate/ grow crops and plants to prodcue the fuel - procuses high level of co2
48
Q

how does water move through abiotic parts of an ecosystem

A

water evaporated by oceans lakes and rivers to form water vapour
as air rises it cools so water vapour in it condenses to forms clouds
as water droplets get too large and heavy they fall as rain or snow
ground water thats moves thorugh soil and rocks eventally flows back ocean

49
Q

how does water move through biotic parts of an ecosystem

A

-transpiration
- absorbition of water thorugh root hair cell sof plants by osmosis
- drinking lots water by animals
- loss of water in urine and feaces
- evaporation of water from animals

50
Q

advantage of using living organims as indicators of pollution

A
  • cheaper as equipment nt needed
  • gives a rough idea of the level of pollution
51
Q

disadvantage of using living organims as indicators of pollution

A
  • ## doesnt give accurate level of pollution (not quanititative)
52
Q

indicates low oxygen in wtaer

A
  • bloodworms
  • sludge worms
53
Q

indicates high oxygen in wtaer

A
  • freshshrimp
  • stonefly larvae
54
Q

high levels of sulfur dioxide

A
  • linchens
55
Q

low levels sulfur dioxide

A

black spot fungi

56
Q

coal burning produces

A

sulfur dioxide

56
Q

why are they red in colour

A

have alot of heamagnobin so can get more o2 from polluted water

57
Q

lincens are sensetive to

A

oxides and nitrates and sulfur dioxide

58
Q

blackspot fungus

A

pathogen that grown on roses
cannot grow in ares were theres sulfur dioxide so cities rrarely have these roses
you can find this fungus in unpolluted rural areas

59
Q

how to ensure that the area we sample is representitive

A
  • random number genertor
60
Q

sample

A

estimate

61
Q

why does food go off

A

bacteria decompose it

62
Q

food can be preserved by

A

removing one or more fo the factors that bactreia and fungi need to survive

63
Q

canning

A

heated when canned killing bacteria, when cools bacteria with be no more

64
Q

cooling/ freezing

A

bacteria cant reproduce in cold, not killed

65
Q

drying

A

removing water prevents microorganisms from growing or digestng food

66
Q

adding salt/ sugar

A

removes water by osmosis

67
Q

adding vinegar

A

lowers PH so enzymes in microorgaims stop working

68
Q

rate of decomposition

A

mass lost/ days

69
Q

why are they turning plant mateial with fork

A

allow oxygen (aerating) so demppsers can respire rapidly and rte of decomposition increases

70
Q

why should they not insulaye the compot on both sides

A
  • hig temp denatures enzymes
  • may prevent oxyen entering
71
Q

why ahev they added mnay different plant material

A
  • provides material for many dfferent decomposers incraeing rate of decomposisition
72
Q

rate of decomposition depends on

A
  • temp
  • o2 avalibility
  • water content
73
Q

hwo does temp increase the rate of decomposition

A
  • bacteria and fungi reprodce fatser
74
Q

water helps rate of decomosition by

A

decomposters need eaer to survie so teh food wate is kept moist

74
Q

water helps rate of decomosition by

A

decomposters need eaer to survie so teh food wate is kept moist

74
Q

water helps rate of decomosition by

A

decomposters need eaer to survie so teh food wate is kept moist

75
Q

invertibrates added to

A

help mix up teh food waste ans well has helping break down the foo into smalled pieces and aeraiting teh soil

76
Q

daisy thing

method

A
  • map out the area of teh field using tape mesures
  • coordinates are chosen with a ranom number generator
  • removes bias
  • count number of purple and orange flowers in te quadrant
  • place 4 more quadrants and repeat
  • using 5 ensures representation
  • calculate the mean
  • times mean by mean area of field
77
Q

daisy thing

method

A
  • map out the area of teh field using tape mesures
  • coordinates are chosen with a ranom number generator
  • removes bias
  • count number of purple and orange flowers in te quadrant
  • place 4 more quadrants and repeat
  • using 5 ensures representation
  • calculate the mean
  • times mean by mean area of field
78
Q

method

belt transects

A

abiotic feautues change avrpss habbitats
1. mark out a lie of areas you wantto study with a tape mesure
2. place quadrants next to each ither
3. mesure light intensity with light etere and ph if soil with ph probe/ temp probe
4. repeat steps and plot a graph to see the chnge

79
Q

other methods of investigating biology and stuff

A
  • pooter
  • sweepnet
  • pond net
  • pitfall trap
  • tullgren funnel
80
Q

rate of decomposition

A

mass lost/ days

81
Q

detritivores

A

help speed up the speed of decay
- breaking down into smaller pieces

82
Q

decomposers

A

cause decay by releasing enzymes onto dead aniamls

83
Q

decomposition process

A

living organisms are made of many elements and when they die decomposition return these elements to the soil or aire.g. ammonium compounds abd phosphorus so plants can make use of them
e.g. bactraia and fungi

they are more active in moist, warm and aerobic conditions

84
Q

increasing amount of nitrates in soil

A

fertilisers: animal manure/ compost- nutrients left in the plant and aniamal wate is returned to the soil through decomposition
artificial fertilisers- contain nitrates and other minerals but can be expensive
crop rotation: instead of growing the same crop each year different, grows crops that have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria e.g. peas and beans
after harvesting teh roots of these plats are left in the soil so crops can benifit from the nitrates

85
Q

denitrifying soil in soil

A

nitrates to nitrogen

86
Q

nitrogen fixing in root nodles

A

nitrogen to ammonium compounds/ nitrates

87
Q

decomposers soil

A

aniamsl and plant to ammonim compounds, cant be used in plant

88
Q

nitrifying in teh soil

A

ammonium compounds to nitrates

89
Q

how do bacteria increase nitrogen concentrationin teh soil

A

nitrogen fixed bacteris fix nitrogen gas for the plant/ convert nitrogen gas into nitrates/ ammonium compounds
decomposing bacteria break down animals matter into ammonia then nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia to nitrates

90
Q

Explain how cabbages, earthworms and squirrels contribute to the carbon cycle.

A
  • relase co2
  • for respiration
  • cabbabes take in co2 for photosynthesis
  • suirells eat cabbahes which contain carbon
  • when die release carbon dioxide
  • decomposers respire
91
Q

Explain how the concentration of oxygen in a compost bin would affect the rate of
decomposition.

A

more respiration

92
Q

(i) Explain why reducing the water content of the strawberries will help to preserve them.

A

reduces nmber of microorganisms that can reprodce
reuces decay pocess

93
Q

Explain why keeping food in a fridge slows down the growth of mould.

A

too cold for enzyme to work properly, dont reproduce

94
Q

If the bag is opened, the bread goes mouldy within days.
State why the bread goes mouldy.

A

oxygen alows mouuld spores

95
Q

Explain why sewage pollution in the river can decrease the oxygen levels in the water.

A

kills plants so no photosynthesis

96
Q

dried food

A

not hydrated, bacteria cant survive withot water

97
Q

vacum packed food

A

no oxygen, bactera need oxygen to respire so die

98
Q

State three ways the concentration of nitrates in soil can be increased.

A
  • nitrogen fixing bacteria
  • nitrifying bacteria
  • crop rotation
  • artificial fertilisers
99
Q

(ii) Explain how crop rotation increases nitrate levels in the soil.

A

leguminous crops planted that have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots/ nodles which fix nitrogen gas

100
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of growing this crop to produce biofuel.

A

+ renewable so dont depend on co2
+ provides jobs, spend on economy
+ provides fuels locally, local development
+ less transport of other fuels, less pollution
+ carbon neuteral, doenst add co2 to enviroemnt

  • using land so less cropsp planted food demand
  • machinary used can case polltion
  • cost to set system up might be controlled from outsdie the organismsation
  • leaves are posionous reducing biodivesity
  • ## deforestation loss of habbitats redueces biodiversity
101
Q

Explain how a large increase in the mass of meat eaten will decrease food security in the
future.
(3)

A

less meat
farming meat doesnt produce as much money as crop farming less crops grown

Biology (9 decks)

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