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Biology > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ethene

A

fruit ripening
- easier to ship unripened fruit e.g. bananas without damaging them

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2
Q

gibberelins

A

-seedless fruit
- bigger fruit ( less flowers grown so less fruit but bigger fruit )
- seeds naturally produce gibberelins to start germination, but a long period of darkness of cold is needed before they can germenate but plant growers can over come this problem

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3
Q

auxins

A
  • found in rooting powder
  • allow root cuttings to develop quickly

selective weed killer
contain auxin
it kills leaves with a broad shape e.g. dandelions but not crops with narrow leaves, therefore killing weeds without damaging crops

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4
Q

Auxins in the root

A

In the root, the auxin collects on the lower side, slowing down or inhibiting cell elongation. The cells on the upper side will continue to elongate, causing the root to grow downwards towards gravity

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5
Q

Ausins in the shoot

A

Auxin moves to to lower, side. The ausins cause the cells to elongate more on the lower side than the upper side, so the shoot will grow upwards.

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6
Q

rolls up

A

reducing the surface area
so reduces rate of evaporation/ transpiration

also helps trapping water vapour inside so decreases the concentration gradient

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7
Q

stomata in pits

A

no stomata on the upper surface so less water is lost

water vapour collects in pits decreasing transpiration

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8
Q

leaf hairs

A

traps water vapour so decreasing rate of transpiration

hairs also reduce air movement

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9
Q

thick cuticle

A

reduce transpiration

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10
Q

stem

A

stores water
allows easy movement of water through cells / they can expand easily

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11
Q

long wide roots

A

increases surface area for uptake of water
near surface so it can absorb water when rains

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12
Q

photosynthesis

A

a plant carries out photosynthesis in it’s leaves
it absorbs water and co2 and produces o2 and glucose
light is essential and is absorbed into teh chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

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13
Q

uses for glucose

A

-respiration
-make teh cellulose in cell wall

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14
Q

starch made up from

A

made up of glucose molecules that are linked together forming a polymer which is stored in the chloroplasts

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15
Q

boil the leaf in water

A

to denature teh enzymes stopping photosynthesis

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16
Q

placing the leaf in ethanol

A

decolourising the leaf because it doesn’t decolorise in water
dissolves chlorophyll

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17
Q

dip leaf into warm water

A

to make the leaf soft so it can be layed out on the tile and the iodine can penetrate it

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18
Q

why is photosynthesis endothermic

A

it takes in light energy from the sun

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19
Q

large broad leaves

A

larger surface area for absorbition of light and co2

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20
Q

thin

A

so co2 can diffuse across only a short distance to reach the inner cells

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21
Q

large air spaces between cells inside the leaf

A

allows co2 to diffuse quickly without passing through many cells

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22
Q

many stomata on the lower surface

A

the pores allow co2 to enter and o2 to leave

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23
Q

many chloroplasts

A

contain chloropyll

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24
Q

palisade cells are arranged lengthways

A

this allows more cells t be packed into the top of the layer so more chloroplasts to absorb more light

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25
Q

biomass

A

total mass of living material

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26
Q

photosynthetic organisms start the food chain

A

teh energy in teh biomass is transferred to the next organism in the food chain when it’s consumed

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27
Q

light intensity

A

inversely proportianl to the square of the distance

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28
Q

limitting factors

A

co2 concentration
light intensity
temperature

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29
Q

root hair cell adaptaions

A
  • long so have a large surface area so can absorb more mineral ions and water
  • many mitochondria needed for the active transport of minerals
  • think cell wall so the diffusion distance is short
30
Q

process of photosynthesis

A

plants carry out photosynthesis in their leaves. The leaf absorbs co2 and h2o to produce glucose and o2. Light is essential and is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts

31
Q

uses for glucose

A
  • respiration
  • makes cellulose for cell walls
32
Q

starch

A

starch is made from glucose molecules that are linked together forming a polymer called starch. It’s stored in the chloroplasts

33
Q

leaves that have chlorophyll missing in parts

A

variegated leaves

34
Q

boil the leaf in water

A

stop photosynthesis by denaturing enzymes

35
Q

place leaf in ethanol

A

so chlorophyl dissolves decolourising it since it doesn’t dissolve in water

36
Q

dip the leaf in warm water

A

to make the leaf soft so it can be played on the tile and the iodine can penetrate it

37
Q

why is photosynthesis endothermic

A

it absorbs light energy from the sun

38
Q

leaves have a broad shape

A

to absorb light and co2 larger surface

39
Q

thin

A

shorter distance for co2 to diffuse to reach the inner cells

40
Q

large air spaces between cells in leaf

A

co2 can diffuse faster as it doesn’t have to pass through many cells

41
Q

many stomata on lower surface

A

te pores allow o2 to leave and co2 to enter

42
Q

palisade cells arranged lengthways

A

allows more cells to be packed into the top layer therefore more chloroplasts to absorb light

43
Q

photosynthetic organisms

A

main producers
start of the food chain
the energy in biomass is transferred to the next organism in the food chain when it’s consumed

44
Q

inverse square law

A

light intensity is inversely propirtianal to the square of the distance from light source

light intensity ∝ 1/d2

45
Q

limiting factors

A
  • co2 level
  • light intensity
  • temperature
46
Q

y do plants need minerals

A

for healthy growth

47
Q

magnesium is needed

A
  • to make chlorophyll
  • without it leaves turn yellow
48
Q

nitrate needed

A
  • to make amino acids for synthesis of protein
  • stunted growth
49
Q

why are there many air spaces in the soil

A

contain oxygen which is essential to respiration

50
Q

how does water enter a root hair cell and transported across the cell towards the xylem

A

water enters the root hair cell by osmosis and travels from one cell to another through the cytoplasm, vacuole and cell membrane by osmosis until it reaches the xylem
water can also enter by diffusion through the cell walls

51
Q

the moment of water through the plant

A

transpiration stream

52
Q

xylem vessels

A
  • transport water and mineral ions
  • unidirectional
  • contains lignin
  • dead cells
  • continuous hollow tube
  • thick walls
53
Q

phloem vessels

A
  • transport sucrose
  • bidirectional
  • end walls called sieve plates
  • living cells as they contain cytoplasm
  • thin walls
54
Q

xylem vessel adaptations

A
  • walls contain lignin making it waterproof and strong
  • no end walls allowing water and mineral ions to move upwards without being stopped
55
Q

phloem vessels adaptations

A
  • sieve plates have pores allowing the sucrose to move up to the fruit and flowers and down to the roots
56
Q

similarities

A
  • tubular
  • transport substance
57
Q

companion cells

A

transport sucrose into the phloem cells by active transport
they’re adapted to this as they have mitochondria as lost of energy is required for active transport

58
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water in the cells in the leaves
water vapour diffuses through the stomata

59
Q

stomata location and function

A

on lower epidermis of leaf
allows for exchanges of gases
alows co2 to enter and o2 to leave

60
Q

State why a coverslip is placed on top of the leaf peel

A

keeps it flat/ safe

61
Q

intermediate intervals

A

accuracey

62
Q

co2 effect

A

change comcentration of co2 in the water by adding different masses of sodium bicarbonate

63
Q

root hair cell has no

A

chloroplasts

64
Q

phloem vessle movment

A
  • transports sucrose
  • transport of this substance is called translocation
  • phloem vessle contains end walls called sieve plates
  • they have small pores in them
  • phloem vessles are describes as living cells bc they have a cytoplasm
65
Q

stomata difference

A

when the stomata is open water has moved into the gaud cells by osmisis from a high concentration of water outside the neibouring cells to a lwo conentartion of water inside the guard cells when the stomata is closer water has moved of the guard cells

66
Q

guard cells role

A

controls the size of stomata

67
Q

open stomata?

A

when they are full of water
open during the day as sensetive to light

68
Q

clsoe stomata?

A

when loose water (flacid)
and night so no water is lost

69
Q

positive phototrophic shoot

A
  • leaves teh soil to reach sunlight for photosyntheisis
  • can absorb more light
70
Q

negetively gravitropic shoot

A
  • leaves teh ground
  • more chnaces of pollination + seed dispersal
71
Q

positevely gravitropic root

A
  • gives plant sustainibility
  • absorbs water and mineral ions

Biology (9 decks)

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