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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

health definition

A

the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or imfirmiry - World Health Organisation WHO

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2
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease e.g. virus, bacteria, fugi, protist

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3
Q

communicable diseases

A

caused by pathogens and can be transfered from one person to another / animal

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4
Q

noncommunicable diseases

A

disease are not transfered from one person to the other caused by faulty genes, lifestyle, diet

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5
Q

why does having one disease mean a person is more

A

immune system may not be working as well as it should be
the disease may affect the physical barriers so pathogens may be able to enter

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6
Q

STIs

A

infections passed from person to person through sexual contact

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7
Q

HIV

A

human, immunodeficiency, virus

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8
Q

AIDS

A

acquired, immuno, deficiency syndrome

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9
Q

where is it found

A

blood, vaginal fluids, semen, breast milk

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10
Q

how is it transmitted

A

sex without a condom, infected needles, from mother to baby e.g. across the placenta during pregnancy, breast feeding

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11
Q

how is it not transmitted

A

kissing, touching, sharing utensils, sneezing, toilet seats

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12
Q

reducing the spread of HIV

A
  • wear condoms during sex
  • drug users should avoid sharing needles
  • being screened/ tested early and given medication (antiviral drugs)
  • education on how its spread/ reduced
  • contact tracing of partners of infected
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13
Q

difference between sti and aids

A

sti is the infection
aids is the name of teh disease

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14
Q

HIV virus needs to…

A

infect living cells to be able to reproduce
- the virus infects whie blood cells which are important in destroying pathogens
- the virus will destroy the white blood cells
- when you are infected with HIV they say you are HIV positive
- as this number goes up it leads to AIDS
- this is when the immune system breaks down due to lack of white blood cells
- this can result in a patient being vulnerable to opportunistic diseases like TB becas the body cant destroy the TB pathogen

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15
Q

cholera

A

the pathogen, diarrhoea, spread via contaminated water, make sure people have access to clean water supply

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16
Q

tuberculosis

A

bacterium ( mycobacterium tuberculosis), coughing an lung damage, through the air when infected individuals cough, infected people should avoid crowded public places, practice good hygiene, sleep alone, well ventilated house

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17
Q

malaria

A

protist, damage to red blood cells and severe cases to the liver, mosquitoes act as animal vectors, passing the protist to humans without getting infected themselves, use mosquito nets, insect repellant

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18
Q

stomach ulcers

A

bacterium (helicobacter), stomch pain, nausea, vommitig, oral transmission e.g. swallowing contaminated water/ food, having clean water supplies, hygienic living conditions

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19
Q

ebola

A

ebola virus, haemorrhagic fever (fever with bleeding), via bodily fluids, by isolating and sterilising areas with virus presesnt

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20
Q

chalara ash dieback

A

a fungus that infects ash trees, leaf loss, bark lesions, carried by teh air by wind, spreads when disease ash trees are being moved between areas, removing young infected trees, replanting with different species, restriction import of ash trees

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21
Q

chlamydia

A

bacterial infection
one of the mostcommonly sexually transmitted infections
easy to cure
1/10
spread: sex without condom, baby during birth through placenta

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22
Q

mucus

A

lining of trochea/ windpipe, nose
sticky layer traps majority of pathogens
physical barrier

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23
Q

cilia

A

in the nose, lining the trachea/ windpipe, sweep the mucus away from the lungs and swallowed into the stomach where the acids kill them, physical barriers

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24
Q

hair

A

the nostrils, helps trap the pathogen in the sticky mucus, physical barrier

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25
Q

lysozyme enzyme

A

found in tears (no marks for eyes), destroys the cell wall of bacteria killing it, chemical defence

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26
Q

skin

A

all over the body, tough and impermeable to pathogens, if skin is cut a blood clot forms to prevent pathogens from getting in, physical barrier

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27
Q

hydraulic acid

A

stomach, destroys cell wall, chemical defence

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28
Q

first line of defence

A

physical, chemical barriers

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29
Q

second line of defence

A

phagocytes

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30
Q

third line of defence

A

antibodies produced by b lymphocytes

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31
Q

phagocytes

A

digest microorganism (ooo)

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32
Q

lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies (0)

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33
Q

phagocytes job

A

phasasite approaches the pathogen because its attracted to the chemical it produces
phagocytes surrounds and engulfs the pathogen
releases enzymes called lysozyme which digest the pathogen

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34
Q

primary immune responce

A

how the body responds wjen a pathogern enetrs your body for teh first time

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35
Q

B Lymphocytes release

A

antibodies

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36
Q

on teh surface of pathogens, there are

A

antigens are molecules (proteins) fouund on the surface of pathogens, specific, complementary to a specific antibody

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37
Q

primary response steps

A
  1. the pathoge enters the body, exposure to pathogen, the antigens o the pathogens are unique
  2. the antigens on the pathogens bind to the antibodies, activate lymphocyte
  3. the B lymphocyte divides many times to produce identical copies by mitosis
  4. the lymphosyres now produce many antibodies which are complimentary angigens on the pathogens
  5. some of the lymphocytes become memory lymphocytes
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38
Q

why are you likely to become ill when a pathogen enters your body for teh first time

A

It takes time for the B lymphosyte to divide and to make enough antibodies. This allows the pathogen to multiply and make you ill, there are no memory lymphocytes

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39
Q

secondary immune responce

A

the way the body responds when the same pathogens enters your body for the second time

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40
Q

how do antibodies work

A

antibodies attach to antigens on the surface of pathogens and cause their destruction
or
antibodies neutralise the toxins released by the pathogens
or
cause pathogens to clump together making it easier for the phagocytes to destroy them

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41
Q

clumping together

A

agglutination

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42
Q

what is the incubation temp

A

25, reduces haemful bacteria growing

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43
Q

antiseptic techniques

A
  • use autoclave to prepare sterile growth agar and Petri dishes
  • use sterile forceps that have been passes thorgh a bunsen flame
  • use sterile incocluatation loop heat with bunsen flame
  • only open the petri dish lid slightly
  • use bunsen burned nearby to create updrift as the hot air keeps unwanted bacteria in the air and they don’t settle onto petri dish
  • place teh petri dish upside down into n =an incubator to stop moistre from dripping down onto the bacteria and disrupting the colonies
44
Q

autoclave

A

uses steam at high pressure and tempereratre to sterelise the petri dish and agar before use

45
Q

developing new medicine

A
  1. pre clinical stage: the testing is done on cells/ tissue to find out weather the medicine gets into diseased cells and has desired effects
  2. testing carried out on animals to see how the body responds without risking human life
  3. a small (100s) clinical trial is held on healthy people to find out weather the medicine is safe for humans and that harmful side effects are limited
  4. large (1000s) clinical trail is held many patients with the disease tested on to see the right dose of medicine and to see weather different people with disease have different side effects
46
Q

placebo

A

fake medicine to check if they anret feeling better because they think they’re getting teh medice

47
Q

blind trial

A

teh perosn donst knwo if tehre getting teh placebo or not

48
Q

double blind trial

A

the doctor/ patient both dont know

49
Q

missing iron

A

amenia, cold feet/ hands, tirdness, headaches, spinish leaves, liver, beans, nuts
red blood cells are smaller than normal, reduced number

50
Q

missing calcium

A

vitamin D
rickets, soft bones, weak tooth enamel, milk, fish, egg

51
Q

missing vitamin C

A

scurvy, joint pain, fatigue, skin bruises easily, citrus, strawberries

52
Q

missing protein

A

kwashiorkor, faliure to grow prperly, enlarged belly, small muscles, animal based food, fish, eggs

53
Q

CVD can lead to…

A

a stroke/ heart attack

54
Q

heart is made of

A

cardiac muscle/ tissue
myogenic because can relax and contract without nervous stimulation

55
Q

blockage of coranary artoetes

A

can lead to heart attck/ angina

56
Q

the coratid arteries

A

to the brain can lead to a stroke

57
Q

dead musle

A

the heart muscle will die as the heart cells don’t receive enough oxygen and glucose for respiration

58
Q

factors that increase risk

A
  • diet in high saturated fat
  • smoking
  • excess alcohol
  • salt
  • lack of exercise links to obesity
59
Q

non life style factors

A
  • genes
  • increase in age
60
Q

effects of smoking in CVD

A

cigat=rette smoke contains nicotine which increases the heart rate increasing blood pressure
this causes damage to teh artery wallsliek fatty substances called cholesterol to build up in teh artery
they reduce blood flow to the heart and can cause a heart attack
if the arteries to teh brain are blocked and a stroke will occur
the fatty deposits can cause the lining of the artery to burst increasing the chance of a blood clot

61
Q

blood clot

A

red blood cells clumped together preventing blood flow

62
Q

cholesterol

A

builds up and hardens to form plaque

63
Q

stents

A

coranary arteries that are blocked or have become narrow can be stretched open and have stent iserted to restore + maintain blood flow
+ allows blood flow through the blood vessels and reduces chances of heart attacks or stroke
- blood clotformation on stent
- scar tissue around the stent
- blood vessles may collapse

64
Q

lifestyle changes

A

diet that emphasises fruit and veg, limited intake on sugar + red meat
reduces rick of heart attack or stroke, reduces blood pressure

65
Q

statins

A

a drug that lowers your cholesterol by blocking the substance your body needs to make it
reduces risk of heart attack or stroke
side effects include liver damage, dizziness, aching muscles

66
Q

anticoagulants

A

medicince that helps prevent blood clots
reduces risk of heart attack or stroke
can case bleeding inside the body

67
Q

antihypertensives

A

reduces blood pressure helping prevet damage to the blood vessels and so reducing the risk of fatty deposits forming
reduces risk of heart attack or stroke
side effects e.g. fainting, headaches

68
Q

heart transplant

A

risk during surgery as it doenst always work, drugs have to be taken to stop the body rejecting the heart

69
Q

bypass surgery

A

diverting blood through a healthy blood vessle

70
Q

A_______________________

A

artemisinin
for: kills protist that causes malaria, reduces body temperature during malarial fevers
from: extracted from wormwood plant

71
Q

A_______

A

asprin
for: controling symptoms of fever or pain
from: willow trees make salicylic acid

72
Q

BMI

A

mass/ height 2

73
Q

apply bactrei in a zig zag motion to ensure that it is

A

evenly distributed

74
Q

waist hip ratio

A

waist cir/ hip cir

75
Q

your waist should be

A

narrower than your hips

76
Q

why is w-h ratio better

A

it takes into account distribution of fat

77
Q

laying fat around your

A

abdomen increases risk in CVD

78
Q

monoclonal antibodies are

A

copies of one type of antibody, produced hybridoma cells

79
Q

lymphosyte

A

produces antibodies , doenst divide

80
Q

tumour cells

A

divides quickly, doenst produce antibodies

81
Q

hybridoma cell

A

fuse
produces monoclonal antibodies, divides easily

82
Q

pregnancy

A

teh woman urinates onto one end of the stick
if she is pregnant the hormone HCG will be present in her urine
the hormone will bind to the monoclonal antibodies attachtced to imobone blue beads in teh reaction zone
teh urine carries the blue beads to the results window
the hormone attaches to the impbile monoclonal antibodies
this will form a blue line
in the control window proteins always found in urine to bind to specific monoclonal antibodies here forming a line showing the test is working

83
Q

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics

A

it inhibits the cell’s process because its caused by bacteria

84
Q

Explain why the data suggests that Patient Z has a bacterial infection.

A

it has higher number of white blood cells
that kill microorganisms

85
Q

Explain why the men have different BMI values

A

mass/height2
so they must be different heights

86
Q

lytic pathway

A

virus injectes viral genetic material into the host cell
viral genetic material reproduces/ replicates
viral genetic material is used to make protein which is used to make protein coat
new viruses assemble
cell lyses releasing viruses
move on to inject other host cells

87
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

virus injects host cell with viral genetic material
viral genetic material fuses with the DNA
divides normally replicateing viral genetic material
after a lot of divisions the viral genetic material may leave the DNA and enter the lytic pathway

88
Q

viral genetic material

A

ion caspid

89
Q

what does a virus need a host cell for

A

it doenst hav eribisomes / any way to make proetins
needs to make protein for proein coat / capsid

90
Q

immunisation

A

teh vaccine contains the antigens of the pathogen only
these vaccines are injected into the body
lymphocytes start making antibodies to destroy teh antigens
some lymphocytes develop into memory lymphocytes
if teh actyal live pathogen enyers your body teh memory lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies very quickly so teh apthagens can be destroyed very quickly and you don’t develop the disease
we say your immune

91
Q

herd immunity pros and cons

A

+ a person will become immune to a disease so wont have to suffer / be hearmed by it
+ if enough people are immunised then anyone who cant be immunised e.g. babies will be less likely to get the disease as there are fewer people that can pass it on
- swelling, fevers
- always side effects

92
Q

how do antibiotics kill …

A

bacteria by inhibiting cells process
they dont have this effect on humans as the cell wall is destroyed but humans don’t have a cell wall

93
Q

why does teh wind potato only prduce teh substance when its being attaked

A

doenst need to expend energy all the time

94
Q

younger shoots

A

have weak cell walls

95
Q

why do foxgloves prduce posion all the time

A

alot of poiin required againt large herbivores

96
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies treat cancer

A

carry anti- cancer drugs which only bind with the antigens on tumor cells, only targeting cancer cells

97
Q

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria.
Explain the effect of penicillin on bacterial and human cells

A

prevents bacteria from dividing as they cant make new cell walls
humans don’t have cell walls, unaffected

98
Q

Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight.

A

volume os stomach is smaller so less food intake

99
Q

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss

A

requires respiration obtained from fat

100
Q

Antibiotics kill

A

bacteria

101
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells to carry out a specific function

102
Q

monoclonal antibodies made to target cancer cells

A

cancer cells have proteins on thier cell membrabes which arent found in human cells
these are called tumour markers
in the lab you can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to the tumour markers
this can be useed to diagnose or treat cancer

103
Q

how are monoclona anibodies used to treat cancer

A
  1. antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element
  2. labled antibodies given to patient through drip
  3. enters body and carried in blood
  4. when antobodies come into contact with canver cells they bind to the tumour markers
  5. a photo taken of teh patient, high levels of radioactivity/ cancer cells detected as bright spots
  6. doctors can see exactly where it is and how large it is
104
Q

monoclonal antibodies that destroy blood clots

A
  1. when blood clots, protein in the blood joins together forming a mesh
  2. monoclonal antibodies bind to teh proteins
  3. radioactive material attacted to antibodies
  4. picture with camera that picks up radiation as bright spots
  5. get rid of blood clot
105
Q

monoclonal antibodies made by

A
  1. inject mouse with chosen antigen e.g. hormone
  2. mouse makes lymphocytes that produce that antibody against the angigen on the hormone
  3. fast dividing tumour cells from lab fuse with b lymphocyes to craete hybridoma cells
  4. divides to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies

Biology (9 decks)

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