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Biology > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

oestrogen levels rise

A

to build up/ restore the lining of the uterus

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2
Q

progesterone levels rise

A

to maintain the lining

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3
Q

menstruation key points:

A
  • egg is released on day 14 (middle of cycle)
  • 28 days
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4
Q

why is the uterus lining maintained if fertilisation occurs

A
  • to allow the development of the placenta e.g. norrishing
  • placenta will allow nutrients like glucose and the gas oxygen to enter the fetus’ blood and waste to be removed
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5
Q

contraceptions

A

artificial methods used to prevent fertilisation and therefore pregnancy

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6
Q

how does high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the body stop the eggs from developing

A

if there are high levels, the oestrogen and progesterone inhibits/ prevents the release of the hormone FSH and LH which are needed for the growth of the egg

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7
Q

oestrogen pill

A

stops eggs developing, stopping ovulation, so fertilisation cannot take place

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8
Q

progesterone pill

A
  • stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus preventing sperm getting through the cervix to the uterus and reaching an egg at the oviduct
  • also stops egg development and ovulation
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9
Q

combined pill

A

contains both oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

contraceptive patch

A

contains both oestrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

contraceptive injection

A

contains progesterone only

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12
Q

barrier method

A

putting a barrier between the sperm and an egg so they do not meet, preventing fertilisation

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13
Q

diaphragm cup

A

placed into a vagina and over the cervix of a uterus acting as a barrier so sperm doesn’t reach the egg
must be used with spermicide to kill any sperm that comes into contact with it

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14
Q

hormonal contraceptives vs barriers methods

A

+ lower chance of fertilisation than barrier e.g. a condom can break
+ hormonal contraceptives tend to be more effective than barrier methods
- doesn’t protect you from STI’s whereas condoms do
- have side effects e.g. headaches and mood swings
- affected by digestive problems

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15
Q

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

A

methods used to assist couples to increase chance of pregnancy

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16
Q

process of ART

A
  • follicles are stimulated to mature/ grow by injecting the hormone FSH
  • eggs are colllected from the ovaries
  • sperm cells are collected from a man and placed in a petri dish
  • sperm cells are added to the egg celss to alow fertilisation to take place
  • fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  • embryo/s transfered into utersu
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17
Q

clomifene therapy

A

some women are infertile because they cant ovulate/ regularly
triggers the barin’s pirtiaraty gland to secrete an increased amount of FSH and LH. FSH stimulates the gwoth of an egg cell and initiates ovulation.

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18
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal enviroment

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19
Q

pancreas

A

helps control the level of glucose in the blood
- blood glucose regulation

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20
Q

skin

A

helps body control temeperature
- thermoregulation

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21
Q

kidneys role

A

helps control level of water in the blood
- osomoregulation

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22
Q

too much glucose in the blood

A

insulin (relased from pancreas) converts glucose into glycogen in the liver and musles

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23
Q

glycogen

A

insoluble
can be stored
glucagon breaks it back into glucose molecules which are soluble in blood

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24
Q

is glucose levels are too high

A

the pancrease releases the hormone insulin and glusocse is removed from the blood and converted into glycogen in the livier and musles so the level of glucose drops and returns to the normal level

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25
Q

nervous system vs endocryte system

A

electrical impulse, chemical
traerls by neurones, travels by blood
very fast, slower

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26
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that are realsed directly into your blood
they tarvel through the body so take a long tine to get around
hormones travel to spsific cells in perticula organs, target organs

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27
Q

negative feedback system

A

e.g. control of glucose
when body detects the substance has gone agove or below the normal level it triggers a responce to bring the level back to normal

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28
Q

type 1 diabaties

A
  • pancreas stops producing insulin
  • usually apperars from early age
  • body attacks itself by accident
  • insulin injected into the subcutaneous fat (fat under skin)
  • the amount of insulin varies on thier diet and how active they are
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29
Q

why do diabetics eat carbohydrates

A

easting carbohydrates e.g. starchy food and sugary food causes blood glucose to rise therefre a diabeyic must inject insulin
vigorous exersice causes teh blood glucose levels to drop. So a diabetic must eat carbohydrates

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30
Q

type 2 diabeties

A

-teh pancreas produces insulin, but not enough, or teh cells becpme resestant to it
- usually appears in adulthood
- link with obesity

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31
Q

bmi and type 2

A

the higehr the bmi the more likey someone is to develop type 2 diabaties

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32
Q

Adrenalin - prepares body for fight or flight

examples

A
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • raised blood glucose levels
  • diamiter of blood vessles to the musles increases
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33
Q

increaed heart rate

A

the heart contracts more quickly increasing the heart rate and the blood pressure increase, increaing the flow to musles so more oxygen and glucose reaches teh cells for respiration

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34
Q

incraesed diamiter of blood vessles

A

increases the diamiter of blood vessles to musles so increasing blood flow and hence more oxygen and glucose reaches the muscle cells for respirtaion

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35
Q

break down of glycogen

A

adrenalin causes the liver to break down glycogen stores to glucose increasing the glucose levels so there is more in the blood to be transported to the musle cells for respiration

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36
Q

energy is needed

A

for muscle contraction

37
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions that happen in teh cells that keep us alive inclusing respiration

38
Q

matabolic rate

A

how quickly these processes are taking place

39
Q

hormone thyroxide is released by…

A

the thyroid gland

40
Q

thyroxide controls

A

the rate of metabolism and therefore respiration

41
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
released from the hypothalamus
small gland on the base of the brain

42
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid releasing Hormone
released from pituitary gland

43
Q

epidermis

A
  • water proof layer
  • outermost
  • contains temperature receptors
  • physical barrier from microorganisms
44
Q

dermis

A

contains: temp receptors, sweet gland, hair erector muscle, blood vessels

45
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • contains temp receptors to monitor temp in blood
  • also receives temp in the skin
  • causes changes in the dermis
46
Q

hot day

A

hair: erector muscle relaxes causing the hair to lie down
blood vessels: muscles in the blood relax causing the blood vessels to widen so more blood flows through them and so more heat is lost
this is called vasodialation
sweat gland: produces sweat which evaporates taking heat away from the body
no shivering

47
Q

cold day

A

hair: erector muscle contracts causing the hair to stay up in end causing a layer of air to be trapped air is a conductor of het so less heat is lost
blood vessels: muscles in the blood vessels contract causing blood to get narrow so less blood flows through them and so less heat is lost
this is called vasoconstriction
sweat gland: no sweat produced
shivering : muscles attached to the bones contract and relax quickly generating heat to keep the body warm

48
Q

On a hot day your sweat glands release sweat
describe the sequence of events that lead to this

A
  • temperature receptors in the skin detect the increase in temperature
  • sensory neurones carry an electrical impulse to the gland in the brain called the hypothalamus gland
  • an electrical impulse is carried from the hypothalamus to the sweat gland along the motor neurone
  • sweat glad releases sweat
49
Q

talking in h20

A
  • drinking
  • eating e.g. cucumber
50
Q

loosing h20

A
  • urinating
  • sweating
  • exhaled air
  • feces
51
Q

importance of osmoregulation

A

high concentration of water in the blood:
the blood cells may gain water by osmosis from high concentration of water outside the cells and a low inside , cell will burst

52
Q

roles of kidney

A
  • remove poisonous urea from blood (excretion) - urea is produesd in the liver from break down of excess amino acids
  • the kidneys adjust the level of water in your blood (osmoregulation)
  • adjust the level of mineral ions in the blood e.g. sodium and chloride ions
53
Q

renal vien

A

takes the blood to the heart

54
Q

renal artery

A

takes blood away from the heart

55
Q

role of ADH

A

makes the wall of the collecting duct more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood

produced by the pituitary gland

56
Q

too little water in blood

A

normal blood level
goes too low
detected by the brain
more ADH related by the pituitary gland
ADH makes he walls of the collecting dust more permeable so water is reabsorbed back into the blood
less urine produced but it’s concentrated

57
Q

too much water in blood

A

normal blood level
goes too high
detected by the brain
less ADH released by pituitary gland
ADH makes the wall of the collecting duct less permeable so less water is reabsorbed back into the blood
more urine produced but diluted

58
Q

kidney transplant pros and cons

A

+ costs the NHS less
+ patient can live a normal life
- must take immune suppressant drugs which increase risk of infection
- shortage of organ donars
- kidney only last 8-9 years
- any operation carries risk

59
Q

kidney dialysis pros and cons

A

+ immune suppressant drugs not needed
+ no shortage
- patient must limit salt intake between dualists sessions
- expensive for NHS
- impacts on life style - regular sessions take long time

60
Q

organ transplants key points

A
  • urea is toxic
  • you can survive with one kidney
  • kidney cells ahem antigens on their surface your b lymphocytes will recognise them as being foreign and attack the new kidney we say the organ has been rejected
  • relatives are likey to have similar antigens than strangers
  • immune suppressant drugs need to be take for the rest of their life
  • patient at higher risk to catch diseases like cold
61
Q

kidney dialysis key points

A
  • 2-3 times per week for 4-6 hours each time
  • required if their kidney becomes damaged/ diseased and is unable to remove urea from the blood
62
Q

how does a kidney produce urine

A
  • as blood passes through the glomerulus small molecules are filtered out and pass into the bowman’s capsule
  • these small molecules include glucose, urea, mineral ions, and water
  • this process is called ultrafiltration
  • however cells like the white and red blood cells and protein are too big to fit through the wall of the glomerulus so remains in the blood
  • as the filtrate moves down the proximal convoluted tubule it selectively reabsorbs only the molecules which the body needs back in the blood strem
  • all the glucose gets selectively reabsorbed through active transport
  • ## some minerals are bieng reabsorbed here
63
Q

explain how urea is removed from the patient’s blood

A
  • blood is taken from an arm and passes into the dialysis machine
  • the membrane of the dialysis tube is selectively permeable membrane
  • it only allows small particles to pass through it
  • urea is present in the blood but not in the dyalisis fluid
  • therefore thers a higher conentration of urea in the blood than the dyalisis fluid
  • so urea moves out of the blood by diffusion
  • we say the urea moves down the conentration gradient
  • blood without urea is returned to the arm
  • fresh ialysis fluid is pumped through to maintain a steep concentration gradient
  • there are many thin tubes in dialysis machines because this provides a larger surface area for the diffusion of urea
64
Q

why does glucose not diffuse out of the blood into the dialysis solution

A

solution contains the same conecmtartipon of glucose as the bvloodso there is no net movment of glucose

65
Q

how is glucose reabsorbed back into the blood

A
  • from the proximal convoluted tubule
  • its selectively reabsorbed by active transport against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration
66
Q

Explain why there are differences in the concentrations of some components
in the blood and some components in this part of the nephron.

A

{red blood cells/ white blood cells / proteins} {are
not present in the filtrate / cannot be filtered into
the nephron} (1)
* because they are too large to pass {through the
membrane/into the nephron} (

67
Q

State the name of the hormone that regulates the water content of the blood.

A

adh

68
Q

Explain the change in body temperature from 0 hours to 4 hours.

A

sleeping, less respiration

69
Q

Explain the effect of type 2 diabetes on the body.

A

high levels of blood glucose becase cells are resistant to insulin so the liver doesn’t convert glucose into glycogen

70
Q

Explain how high levels of amino acids in the blood cause a high concentration of urea in
urine

A

urea is made by excess broken down amino acids in the liver
its then transported in the blood to the kidney and enters the nephron through ultrafiltration its not reabsorbed back into the blood so there’s high concentration urea in the collecting duct

71
Q

Explain how shivering can help a person regulate their body temperature.

A

uncontrolled muscle contraction heat generated

72
Q

Give one reason why patient B needs dialysis treatment less often than patient A.

A

B has better diet low in protein

73
Q

Explain why this twin sister could be a suitable kidney donor for Person B.

A

less likey to be rejected
as they have similar issue and DNA

74
Q
  • increase due to food intake
    (1)
  • decrease due to glucose
    being used up / stored
    /insulin released / doing
    exercise(1)
A
75
Q

hormone glucagon

A

the pancrease releases the hormone glucagon
glycogen is brokwn doen into glucode in the liver and muskces this means glucose levels drop back to nrmal

76
Q

too much thyroxine produced

A

hypothalymus inhibits teh production of THR which casues the pirtuitary gland to inhibit the production of TSH which casues the thyroid gland to produce less thyroxine

77
Q

too little thyroxine produced

A

the hypothalymus is stimutaed to produce more THR which stimulates the pirtuitary gland to relase more TSH which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine levels increase

78
Q

normal levels of thyroxine

A

the throxine inhibits the release of TRH from th hypothalymus and teh production of TSH from the pirtuitary gland therefore no thyroxine produced

79
Q

underative thyroid causes weight loss

A

more thyroxie causes an increase in rate of respiration, soon as all the glucoc is used up glycogen stores broken down followed by the fat storestherefore wight lost
they can also feel hot as energy can be transferred to tissue as heat

80
Q

if theres too much water in the cells

A

vells will shrink

81
Q

how does the kidney produce urine

A
  • as blood passes through the glomerelus, small molecuels are filtered out and pass into the bowmans capsule e.g. small moleculed inclusing glucose, urea, mineral ions and water this is called ultrafilltration
  • large molecules such as red/ white blood cells and proteons are too big to fit through the wall of the glomerelus and remains in the blood
  • as the filtrate moves down the proximal covaluted tubule it selectively reabsorbs only those molecules which the body needs back in the blood stream
  • all of the glucise gets selectively reabsorbed by active transport, some minerals are reabsorbed here
  • in the loop of heanley the reabsorbtion of water takes place by osmosis when the fluid reaches the distal convaluted tubule a slittle more water is reabsorbed
  • the fluid entering the collecting duct will mainly contain water and urea this is called urien
82
Q

cell lining of convaluted tubule

A

microvilli - folded menbrane large surface area
mitochondria - alot so alot of energy for active trasport
nuclrs

83
Q

nephron data

A
    • glucose passes into bowmans capsule so the same concentration is present in the filtrate
  • glucose is fultered by a process called ultrafiltration because its small enough to pass through the wall of the capillaries in the glomerelus, al the glucose selectively reabsorbs into the blood from the proximal covaluted tubule as none is present in the urine by active transport this reuires energy from respiration
  • none of the protein passes into the bowmans capsule so none present in filtrate its too big more found in urine
84
Q

how is glucose reabsorbed bcak into a person

A

proximal convaluted tubule
selectively reabsorbed by active transport against a concentrational gradient using energy from respiration

85
Q

why glucose foud in diabeteic urine

A

exess amount of glucose in thier urine
glucose levels not contorlled so glucose levels in blood are
exess glucose isnt seleviively reabsorbed into the blood, passes thorugh the nephron and collecting duct glucose enters urien

86
Q

reabsorbtion of mineral ions

A

proximal convaluted tubule

87
Q

reabsorbtion of water

A

loop of heanle

88
Q

liwuid collected in bowmans capsule is called a

A

filtrate

Biology (9 decks)

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