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Biology > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structure of the blood

A
  • platelets
  • plasma (yellow liquid part of blood)
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)
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2
Q

plasma role

A

yellow liquid that carries dissolved liquid substances liek glucose, hormones, urea, and amino acids

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3
Q

phagocytes role

A

fights infection by engulfing pathogen and digesting it

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4
Q

lymphocyte role

A

fights infection by producing antibodies which destorys microorgamisns

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5
Q

platelets

A

helps to form a clot to form a scab preventing microorganisms from entering

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6
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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7
Q

haemoglobin

A

this is a red pigment what helps carry oxygen

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8
Q

thin membrane

A

so oxygen can diffuse in and out easy

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9
Q

biconcave shape

A

increases surface to volume ratio so more oxygen can diffuse in

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10
Q

flexible membrane

A

so it can change shape to squeeze through narrow capillaries

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11
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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12
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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13
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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14
Q

blood circulatory system consists of

A

heart
blood vessles

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15
Q

mammals circulatory system

A

mammals have a double circulatory system. This means there are two systems one system to the lungs and one to the rest of teh body and head

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16
Q

single circulatory system

A

the blood can take one route
found in fish

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17
Q

function of heart

A
  • to pump deoxygenated blood thats low in oxygen and high in co2 to the lungs
  • to pump oxygenated blood thats high is oxygen a dn low in co2 to teh head and body
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18
Q

fuction of the valves

A
  • ensure blood travels in teh right direction e.g. valves close when the ventricles contract to prevent teh blood flowing back into teh atrium
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19
Q

why is teh left ventricle wall thicker than teh right

A

it pumps blood further to the head and body so more force is needed than for the right ventricle wall as it only pumps blood to the lungs which is a shorter distance so less pressure is needed. Thicker muscle provides greater force.

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20
Q

why do mammals have a double circulatory system

A

one pumps a a low pressure to teh lungs so teh blood has time to pass through the lunsg for gas exchange
A high pressure is needed to ensure blood reaches all parts of teh blood

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21
Q

cardiac output

A

total amount of blood pumped ot of teh left hand side of teh heart per 1 min

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22
Q

sroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out in 1 heart beat (cm cubed)

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23
Q

heart rate

A

number of heart beats in 1 min

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24
Q

euquation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume times heart rate

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25
Q

arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart

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26
Q

viens

A

transport blood to the heart

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27
Q

capillaries

A

have thin walls which are permeable allowing substances to leave the blood to reach all the cells in the body

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28
Q

Describe how the circulatory system transports substances around the body

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the head and body.
The arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Arteries divide to form capillaries.
Capillaries exchange materials with tissues – oxygen and glucose diffuse from the blood into cells and carbon dioxide and water diffuse out of cells into the blood
Capillaries join to form wider blood vessels called veins
Veins transport blood back to the heart.

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29
Q

Fick’s Law shows

A

relationshiop between factors that affect diffusion

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30
Q

3 factors that affect rate of diffusion

A

surface area
concentraion diffenece
thickness of membrane

31
Q

the body’s demand for oxygen is…

A

enourmous so diffusion across the gas exchange surface (alveoli) needs to be rapid

32
Q

rate of diffusion

A

surface area times concnetratipn difference/ thickness of menbrane

33
Q

surface to area ratio

which is better

A

larger

34
Q

multicellular organisms tend to have

A

a small S:V
- if they relied on thier surface to exchange substances they could not exchange substances to supply their entire volume through the porcess of diffusion
- Therefore they have a transport system
- in humans this is: blood vlessles in the circulation system which allows substances the cells need to reach them and remove the wate they produce

35
Q

why are cells small

A

larger SA:V for diffusion of oxygen, glcose, co2 and water
allows substances to diffuse throughthe whole volume of teh cell stopping waste building up inside

36
Q

if the body isnt able to supply enough oxygen

A

aneaobic respirtion takes place

37
Q

areobic respiration equation

A

oxygen + glucose -> Co2 + watre + energy

38
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid

39
Q

anaerobic respiration is useful to the body when

A

energy is needed in a hurry e.g. when animsl needs to tun fro preditor/ running/ lifting

40
Q

problems with anaerobic respiration

A
  • releases much less energy from glucose comaored to areobic respiration as not all the glucose is broken down
  • lactic acid is poisonous waste product that causes muscle cramps and fatigue
41
Q

Anaerobic respiration

process

A
  1. energy rrlease without oxygen
  2. Less energy produced as not al tehglucose breaks down
  3. Lactic acid is alo produced which is a mild posin and causes musle cramp ad fatigue
42
Q

EPOC

A

oxygen needed to break down teh lactic caid after anaerobic respiration

excess post- exersise oxygen consumption

43
Q

why do you pant after a vigirous activity

A

to taje in lost of oxygen into your blood which is needed to break down the lactic acid down in CO2 and H2O. This happens in the liver

44
Q

yeast is found

A

on teh surface of fruits and can respire aerobically
if it respired anaerobically it will produce C02 and ethanol (alchaholic fermentaion)

45
Q

Yeast fermentation

A

-produces CO2 which causes teh dough to rise
- the ethanol evaportaes

46
Q

wine making

A

sugars in grape juice are fermented to procuce alchahol

47
Q

both aer and ana

A

use glucose
release energy

48
Q

layer of moisture inside of the alveolus

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

gases dissolve in the moistiure helping them to pass across the gas exchange surfce

49
Q

many alveoli

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

larger surface area so faster rate of diffusion

50
Q

wall of alveolus is very thin (one cell thick)

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

this sesults in a shorter diffusion sistance so faster rate of diffusion

51
Q

wall of cappilary is very thin (one cell)

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

shorter diffusion distance so faster rate of diffusion

52
Q

good blood supply

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

blood continally moving to ensure a steep concentration gradient is set up for gases to diffuse

53
Q

breaththing in and out

adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce

A

air moving in and out ensures a steep concentrayion gradiebt is set up for gases to diffuse

54
Q
A

A. trachea (windpipe)
B.bronchus (pl. bronchi)
C.bronchiole
D.alveolus (pl. alveoli)

55
Q

how do you maintain a steep concentration

A
  • flow of blood
  • breathing
56
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

explanation for anomalous relult

A

some mealworms coul have been dead

57
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

what gas is produced in araerobic respiration

A

Co2

58
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

function of soda lime

A

absorbs CO2

59
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

why does the coloured dye move in teh cappilary tube

A

oxygen is taken

60
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

cotton wool function

A

portects the mealworms
ethical
corrosive

61
Q

Rate of respiration in living organisms

how to reduce harm of organisms

A

use a paintbrush

62
Q

vena calva

A

from head and body

63
Q

pulmanory artery

A

to lungs

64
Q

aorta

A

to head and body

65
Q

pulmanory vein

A

from lungs

66
Q

structure of heart

A

atrium above ventricle

67
Q

middle of left and right

A

septum

68
Q

blood flows through the

A

lumen of blood vessle

69
Q

variety of lumen

A

arteries - narrow
veins - wider

70
Q

valves not working properly

A
  • backflow of blood
  • less oxygeneated bloodd pumped to the body
71
Q

compare fish and mammals circulitary system

A
  • two/ four chambers
  • double/ single circulatory system
  • deoxygenated blood flwos through heart only
72
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow from venticle to atrium

73
Q

how does reduces cardiac output effect cells of athlete

A
  • less blow flow to musles
  • less oxyge and glucose
  • reduced rate of aerobic respiration
  • anearobic
  • lactic acid produced
  • fatige and musle cramps
  • not as much energy made
  • less co2 removed

Biology (9 decks)

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