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Biology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

problems with chemotherapy

A

can kill heathy cells like hair cells
blood brain barrier so not all drugs get through

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2
Q

problems with radiotherapy

A

x-rays pass through healthy tissue until it reaches the desired cells

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3
Q

problems with brain surgery

A

skull protects the brain making it hard to assess
some cancer cells may be left behind

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4
Q

cell division

A

when a cell divides by mitosis for growth and repair

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5
Q

elongation

A

when a cell becomes larger by absorbing water into the vacuole (only in plants)

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6
Q

differentiation

A

when a cell speciallises to a spesific function

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7
Q

using stem cells in medicine

A

repairs damages tissues of diseased organs
test drugs and tehn on humans if theyre safe

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8
Q

risks of stem cells

A
  • may be rejected if they are taken from another peron’s body
  • ethical issues since its using embryos which coudl potentially lead to human life)
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9
Q

impulse of touching a hot object

A

The stimulus is the change in temperature. The receptors in the skin pick up on teh chnage in temperature. An electrical impulse is carried along the sensory neurone to teh motor neurone in teh spinal chord. The impulse is taken to your hand and teh responce is to take it off teh hot object.

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10
Q

axon

A

fibre that moves electrical impulses away from the cell body

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11
Q

dendron

A

fibre that moves electrical impulses towards the cell body

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12
Q

myetlinth sheath

A

goes around and insulates the fibres and speeds up the electrical impulse

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13
Q

sensory neurone

A

carries impulses to the motor neurone in teh spine

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14
Q

motor neurone

A

in teh spine, carries impusle to the relay neuroen

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15
Q

relay neruone

A

impulse to teh effector musle/ gland

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16
Q

synapses

A

gap between two neurones
when an electrical impulse reaches a synapse, it causes teh relaese of a chemical called nerotransmitter
teh chemiscal diffuses over teh synapse and binds to teh receptors
Starts teh impuse to teh next neurone

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17
Q

fertiisation

A

haploid agg cell fuses witha haploid sperm cell to form a diploid zygote

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18
Q

haploid

A

23

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19
Q

diploid

A

46

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20
Q

interphase

A
  • chromosones not cleraly visale
  • new organells made
  • dna replicates
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21
Q

prophase

A

-chromosones condence
-nucleur membrane breaks down
- spindle fibres form

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22
Q

metaphase

A
  • chrmosones line up in teh middle of teh cell
  • chromosones attach to spinde fibres by thier centromiters
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23
Q

anaphase

A
  • chromosones are pulled apart to opposite ends of teh cell
  • spindle fibres shorten
24
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosones unravel
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromosones now enclosed in 2 seperate nucli
25
Q

cancer

A

when a single heathy human cell ungeoes a mutation tumor cells - mutation divide rapidly and uncontrollably which can led to death

26
Q

causes of cancer

A

x-rays
uv lights
cigarette smoke
genes

27
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

only found in embryos (blastocyst) can differentiate into any cell in th body

28
Q

cerebral conrtex

A

used for most sences, language, meomory, intelligance

29
Q

cerebellum

A

fine musle movments, balance, posture

30
Q

medulla oblongata

A

involuntary activities like heart rate and breathing rate

31
Q

plant growth

A

mainly at teh shoot/root tips and meristems
increase in size by elongation pf cells as the vacuole absorbs water and mitosis

32
Q

animal growth

A

growth in most tissues and cells
mitosis

33
Q

CAT scan

A

x- ray pictures are taken from different angles of the brain forming a 3D image making it easier to see the tumpur
denser matericals liek the tumpur will absorb more x-rays causing whiter areas

34
Q

PET SCAN

A

patient is injected with a radioactive tracer attached to glucose
the more active cells liek cancer cells take in more glucose
the radioactive substance decays and releases gamma rays
they are detected

35
Q

both scans can

A
  • tell us information about the size, shape, and location of teh tumour
36
Q

Advantges of useing scans instead of surgery

A
  • less expensve
  • no risk damaging brian in scan
  • the scan will show the tumour acurately
36
Q

Advantges of useing scans instead of surgery

A
  • less expensve
  • no risk damaging brian in scan
  • the scan will show the tumour acurately
37
Q

stimulus

A

change in the environment

38
Q

cornea

A

transparent layer at the front of the eye that refracts light into the eye

39
Q

pupil

A

hole taht allows light into teh eye

40
Q

iris

A

coloured part of eye that controls teh amount of light entering

41
Q

lens

A

refracts light into the eye

42
Q

retina

A

layer at teh back of the eye
contains rods (light intensity) and cones (coloured light)

43
Q

optic nerve

A

contains sensory neurones that carry impulses from receptors to the brain

44
Q

accomodiation

A

the ability to focuus on near/ distant objects

45
Q

long/ short sightedness can also be cured with

A

lazer eye surgery which reshapes the cornaea

46
Q

short-sighted

A

can’t focus of distat objects very well
the light focuses in front of teh retina because teh eyeball is too long or teh lens is too curved
this is corrected by sing a concave/ diverging lens

47
Q

long sighted

A

person can’t focus of close objects

48
Q

laser eye surgery

A

replaces lens with a plastic one

49
Q

Explain how the size of the pupil of the eye changes when a torch is shone into the eye of
a person.

A

pupil gets smaller
iris gets bigger

50
Q

75th percentile

A

75% of baies weigh less 25 % more

51
Q

why is there no current cure for colourblindness

A

cant replace the cones

52
Q

pupil diallation

A

cirular mesle relaxes
radial muscle contracts

53
Q

pupil constriction

A

circular musles contract
radial musle relaxes

54
Q

distant object

A

lens : thin curvature
ciliary muscle: relaxes
suspensory ligaments: pulled tight

55
Q

high conentraction of cones in the

A

fovea most light is focused

Biology (9 decks)

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