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Biology > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

change in evolution

A
  • there is variation in the population of giraffes de to mutations
  • some giraffes have longer necks than others
  • there is a struggle for existence as organisms compete to survive
  • giraffes with longer necks will survie and reproduce
  • allele for longer necks will be passed down
  • over time giraffes with longer necks will survie and those that don’t will die
  • this change of time i called evolution and ahppens trhough a process of natural selection
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2
Q

darwin and wallice

A
  • came up with the thoery of natural selection independantly
  • darwin was better recognises as he wrote a book on it
  • wallice looked at camoflage
  • studied different areas
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3
Q

why was dawrin’s idea controversial

A

against the idea that all species on earth were created by god

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4
Q

___________has__________

A

pentadactyl limb has 5 digits

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5
Q

why is the anatomy of the pentadactyl limb evidence for a common ancestor

A

its unlikely that the complex structure would have arisen multiple by chance

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6
Q

ardi

A
  • 4.3 M
  • big toe suggest climbing
  • arms longer than legs
  • brain the size of a chimpanzee
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7
Q

lucy

A
  • 3.2M
  • arched feet, no ape like toe,
    arm/ leg length similar to humans
  • small brain but larger than ardi’s
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8
Q

turkana boy

A
  • 1.6 M
  • walked upwright, no ape liek big toe
  • arms length more like humans
  • similar to human size
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9
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut the insulin gene with restriction enzymes leaving the insulin with sticky ends
cut plasmid with same restriction enzymes they will both have the same sticky ends
insert gene into plasmid, placed back into bacterium

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10
Q

how can we date stone tools

A
  • simpler ones were older
  • carbon 14
  • deeper the stone or fossil the oler it is
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11
Q

why are fossils often found incomplete

A
  • soft tissue decays quickly and not fossilised
  • anaimls eat or move them
  • crushed/ damaged/ chaged underpressure
  • not found yet
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12
Q

joined bonds

A

DNA ligase joins the gene into the plasmid by forming forming bonds between nucleotides

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13
Q

insert genes into rice to make

A

golden rice, vitamin A and better eye sight, immune system

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14
Q

Gm crops can be…

A

drought resistant, herbicide resistant, pest resistant

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15
Q

tissue culture advantages

A
  • effecient/ fast process
  • can increase population of endangered species
  • can grow plants all year round
  • require little space
  • can produce clones with desired colclusions
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16
Q

Explain why switching on the fan caused a change in the volume of water taken up by the
plant

A

fan causes air to move so water vapour leaves the leaf, increases rate of difusion/ transpiration causing plant to take up more water

17
Q

Give one reason why the volume of water taken up by the plant was also measured
when the fan was not switched on.

A

to compare the effect as a contol

18
Q

Explain the difference in the mean width of leaves in the shade and those in the sunlight

A

dark = wider leaves to absorb more light

19
Q

Xerophytes are plants adapted to live in very dry conditions.
State two differences between the leaf structure of a xerophyte and the leaf structure shown
in Figure 1.

A

less stomata, sunken in pits
thicker waxy cuticle
leaf rolled

20
Q

control variables in checking rate of photosytnetsis

A

light- use the same light source, dark room
co2-
temp- use thermometer
bubbles- replace with measuring cylinder
pondweed - use same amount each time

21
Q

Use information in Figure 14 to explain why oxygen moved out of the leaf between 9 am and
midday.

A

more photosynthesis occurs in the day light so more oxygen diffuses

22
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells to carry out a specific function

23
Q

tissue culture

A

growing cells on in a liquid containing nutrients/ solid medium (agar jelly)
this is sometimes called micropropagtion

24
Q

steps of tissue culture

A
  1. cells taken from plant
  2. placed on growth medium that contains nutrients and hormones like auxins
  3. cells develop into tiny platelets
  4. plantlets grow in compost
    all genetically identical
25
Q

tissue culture is useful for medical reaserch

A
  • looking at cancer cells
  • how cells communicate with each other
  • used to test new drugs
26
Q

effects of eutrophication

A
  • fertiliser gets washed into water
  • causes the algae on the surface of the water to grow rapidly
  • plants at the bottom of the water cannot get enough light to photosynthesize
  • microorganisms break down
    dead plants
  • the microorganism are respiring and use up oxygen in water
  • fish/ aquatic life die due to lack of oxygen
  • reduces biodiveirtity
27
Q

using fertilisers

A

+ incraeses yeild of crops
-euthrophication reduces biodiversity
- animals that drink contaminated water can die due to excess nitrates

28
Q

animals, plants, fungi, protists

A

eukarya:
- with nucleus
- genes contain unused section of DNA that doesn’t code for protein

29
Q

prokaryokes

A

archea:
- without nucleus
- genes contain unused section of DNA that doesn’t code for anything
bacteria:
- without nucleus
- genes contain no unused section of DNA, all code for protein

30
Q

biological control

A

involves using another living orgaimism that is a natural preditor of the pest

31
Q

bc pros and cons

A

+spesific so doent affact other animals
+ saves money
- takes a long to get pest under control
- preditor can eat other animals too

32
Q

advantages of selective breeding

A
  • cows with lots of meat, milk, wholly sheep, plants with high yield, herbicide resistant
  • selectively bred rats can have a high tolerance for alchahol and some have low, scientists can see the effects alcohol and behavior of brain
33
Q

dis-advantages of selective breeding

A
  • long/slow process
  • inbreeding causes health problems e.g. pugs
  • lack of variation in population
  • ethical conserns
34
Q

advantages of genetic engeneering

A

+ drought, pest risistant
increasing yield
+ produce vitamin A in golden rice preventing blindness as it helps eyesight and immune system
+genetically modifies to produce chemicals that can be used to treat some diseases e.g. arthritis / cancer, chemicals in cow’s milk
+ bacteria have been genetically modified to produce insulin for diabetics
+ reduces use of pesticide saving money

35
Q

disadvantages of genetic engeneering

A
  • reduces biodivercity
  • long term effects unknown
  • insects may develop mutations and become resistant
  • gene could escape into the environment through pollen grains and taken up by weeds making them difficult to kill with herbicide creating cuper weeds
  • GM animals tend to suffer health problems
36
Q

how do you make a crop plant resistant

A
  • cut out gene that codes for the toxin from the plasmid of the bacteria using restriction enzymes
  • this leaves sticky ends (unpaired bases)
  • cut the plasmid with teh same restriction enzymes
  • gene inserted back into gene

Biology (9 decks)

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