topic 9

Question 1

what are physiological limitations on energy production?

Answer 1

rate of ATP production
delivery of O2 to muscles

Question 2

what are metabolic pools of ATP?

Answer 2

instant energy
used up fast

Question 3

what are metabolic pools of phosphocreatine?

Answer 3

instant back up pool of ATP

Question 4

what is O2 debt?

Answer 4

use up cellular pools of ATP/PCr and produces lactic acid (anaerobic)

Question 5

what is recovery metabolism?

Answer 5

replenishes cellular pools of ATP/PCr and removes lactic acid

Question 6

what is metabolic scope?

Answer 6

indicates the scope (capacity) for acivity

Question 7

how is metabolic scope measured?

Answer 7

the ratio of MRmax/ RMR or MRsus/ RMR

Question 8

when is metabolic scope similar between endo and ectotherms?

Answer 8

when they are the same mass

Question 9

how is mass specific metabolic rate measured?

Answer 9

KJ/ Kg x h

Question 10

what is mass specific metabolic rate?

Answer 10

Energy (volume of oxygen) required to move 1 unit mass of an organism
As velocity increases, how much energy does it take to move each gram

Question 11

how is cost of transport measured?

Answer 11

kJ/kg·km

Question 12

what is cost of transport?

Answer 12

Energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance
As velocity increases how much energy does it take to move each gram
one kilometre

Question 13

what is inertia?

Answer 13

tendency of a mass to resist a change in motion

Question 14

what is momentum?

Answer 14

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

Question 15

what are the factors affecting enery activity?

Answer 15

inertial forces
drag forces

Question 16

what are inertial forces?

Answer 16

inertia
momentum
increase with mass

Question 17

what is drag?

Answer 17

the force generated in the opposite direction of an animal’s movement by the density/viscosity of the medium

Question 18

what are characteristics of drag forces?

Answer 18

increase with mass and velocity
-Large organisms spend less energy overcoming drag than small organisms
-As velocity increases, more energy has to go towards overcoming drag

Question 19

what are the forces acting on a runner?

Answer 19

thrust
gravity
drag
muscle action

Question 20

what is thrust on a runner?

Answer 20

energy needed for forward motion
lots of energy from each step is transferred to ground

Question 21

what is gravity on a runner?

Answer 21

a large factor in activity budget

Question 22

what is drag on a runner?

Answer 22

force generated in opposition to thrust

Question 23

what is muscle action on a runner?

Answer 23

constantly supporting the mass

Question 24

Why is msMR max higher in smaller organisms?

Answer 24

large organisms have longer muscles small organisms have shorter muscles
it is more expensive to contract short muscles (less force generated)

Question 25

what happens when velocity increases for runners?

Answer 25

limbs move faster muscle contract faster more energy required

Question 26

why do small runners have to work faster to move fast?

Answer 26

limbs/muscles are shorter more contact with the ground

Question 27

why can more energy go toward generating forward motion when velocity increases?

Answer 27

momentum increases less contact with ground (less energy loss)

Question 28

what happens to msMRmax when velocity increases for runners?

Answer 28

it increases linearly

Question 29

what happens to CoT when velocity increases for runners?

Answer 29

it decreases linearly

Question 30

how to convert to CoT for runners?

Answer 30

rise/run

Question 31

what are the forces that act on swimmers?

Answer 31

gravity drag thrust buoyancy

Question 32

what does gravity mean for swimmers?

Answer 32

it is negligible factor in activity budget

Question 33

what does gravity entail for swimmers?

Answer 33

the biggest cost to a swimmer

Question 34

what does thrust entail for swimmers?

Answer 34

energy needed for forward motion

Question 35

what does buoyancy entail for swimmers?

Answer 35

generate neutral buoyancy, like swim bladders

Question 36

what is viscous force?

Answer 36

skin friction drag

Question 37

what is inertial forces for swimmers?

Answer 37

pressure drag

Question 38

what force is bigger on large swimmers?

Answer 38

pressure drag

Question 39

what force is bigger on small swimmers?

Answer 39

skin friction drag

Question 40

how do swimmers minimize drag?

Answer 40

body shape

Question 41

how are swimmers affected when velocity increases?

Answer 41

limbs move faster muscles contract faster more energy required

Question 42

why do small swimmers have to work harder?

Answer 42

small limbs/ muscles

Question 43

what happens to drag when velocity increases for swimmers?

Answer 43

drag increases energy expense rises sharply with velocity to fight pressure drag

Question 44

what are the forces acting on a flier?

Answer 44

gravity drag thrust lift

Question 45

what does gravity entail for a flier?

Answer 45

more important at low velocities

Question 46

what does drag entail for a flier?

Answer 46

more important at high velocities

Question 47

what does thrust entail for a flier?

Answer 47

energy needed for forward motion

Question 48

what does lift entail for a flier?

Answer 48

force generated that counters gravity that increases with velocity

Question 49

why are large fliers affected more by gravity?

Answer 49

greater mass fight harder= more energy

Question 50

why are small fliers affected less by drag?

Answer 50

they have higher relative density/viscosity

Question 51

how does an increase in velocity affect a flier?

Answer 51

limbs move faster muscles contracts faster more energy required

Question 52

what do small fliers have to do to move faster and stay aloft?

Answer 52

continually beat wings

Question 53

why can large fliers glide in the air?

Answer 53

they have a reduced energy expense

Question 54

what affect does an increase of velocity have on lift and drag for a flier?

Answer 54

both lift and drag increase

Question 55

when lift and drag increase what's the effect on energy expense for gravity?

Answer 55

energy expense to fight gravity decrease

Question 56

when lift and drag increase what's the affect on energy expense for drag?

Answer 56

energy expense to fight drag increases

Question 57

what is induced power?

Answer 57

energy required to counter gravity

Question 58

what is parasite power?

Answer 58

energy required to counter drag