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Biology 241 > topic 9 > Flashcards

topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are physiological limitations on energy production?

A

rate of ATP production
delivery of O2 to muscles

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2
Q

what are metabolic pools of ATP?

A

instant energy
used up fast

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3
Q

what are metabolic pools of phosphocreatine?

A

instant back up pool of ATP

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4
Q

what is O2 debt?

A

use up cellular pools of ATP/PCr and produces lactic acid (anaerobic)

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5
Q

what is recovery metabolism?

A

replenishes cellular pools of ATP/PCr and removes lactic acid

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6
Q

what is metabolic scope?

A

indicates the scope (capacity) for acivity

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7
Q

how is metabolic scope measured?

A

the ratio of MRmax/ RMR or MRsus/ RMR

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8
Q

when is metabolic scope similar between endo and ectotherms?

A

when they are the same mass

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9
Q

how is mass specific metabolic rate measured?

A

KJ/ Kg x h

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10
Q

what is mass specific metabolic rate?

A

Energy (volume of oxygen) required to move 1 unit mass of an organism
As velocity increases, how much energy does it take to move each gram

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11
Q

how is cost of transport measured?

A

kJ/kg·km

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12
Q

what is cost of transport?

A

Energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance
As velocity increases how much energy does it take to move each gram
one kilometre

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13
Q

what is inertia?

A

tendency of a mass to resist a change in motion

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14
Q

what is momentum?

A

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

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15
Q

what are the factors affecting enery activity?

A

inertial forces
drag forces

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16
Q

what are inertial forces?

A

inertia
momentum
increase with mass

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17
Q

what is drag?

A

the force generated in the opposite direction of an animal’s movement by the density/viscosity of the medium

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18
Q

what are characteristics of drag forces?

A

increase with mass and velocity
-Large organisms spend less energy overcoming drag than small organisms
-As velocity increases, more energy has to go towards overcoming drag

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19
Q

what are the forces acting on a runner?

A

thrust
gravity
drag
muscle action

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20
Q

what is thrust on a runner?

A

energy needed for forward motion
lots of energy from each step is transferred to ground

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21
Q

what is gravity on a runner?

A

a large factor in activity budget

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22
Q

what is drag on a runner?

A

force generated in opposition to thrust

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23
Q

what is muscle action on a runner?

A

constantly supporting the mass

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24
Q

Why is msMR max higher in smaller organisms?

A

large organisms have longer muscles small organisms have shorter muscles
it is more expensive to contract short muscles (less force generated)

25
Q

what happens when velocity increases for runners?

A

limbs move faster
muscle contract faster
more energy required

26
Q

why do small runners have to work faster to move fast?

A

limbs/muscles are shorter
more contact with the ground

27
Q

why can more energy go toward generating forward motion when velocity increases?

A

momentum increases
less contact with ground (less energy loss)

28
Q

what happens to msMRmax when velocity increases for runners?

A

it increases linearly

29
Q

what happens to CoT when velocity increases for runners?

A

it decreases linearly

30
Q

how to convert to CoT for runners?

A

rise/run

31
Q

what are the forces that act on swimmers?

A

gravity
drag
thrust
buoyancy

32
Q

what does gravity mean for swimmers?

A

it is negligible factor in activity budget

33
Q

what does gravity entail for swimmers?

A

the biggest cost to a swimmer

34
Q

what does thrust entail for swimmers?

A

energy needed for forward motion

35
Q

what does buoyancy entail for swimmers?

A

generate neutral buoyancy, like swim bladders

36
Q

what is viscous force?

A

skin friction drag

37
Q

what is inertial forces for swimmers?

A

pressure drag

38
Q

what force is bigger on large swimmers?

A

pressure drag

39
Q

what force is bigger on small swimmers?

A

skin friction drag

40
Q

how do swimmers minimize drag?

A

body shape

41
Q

how are swimmers affected when velocity increases?

A

limbs move faster
muscles contract faster
more energy required

42
Q

why do small swimmers have to work harder?

A

small limbs/ muscles

43
Q

what happens to drag when velocity increases for swimmers?

A

drag increases
energy expense rises sharply with velocity to fight pressure drag

44
Q

what are the forces acting on a flier?

A

gravity
drag
thrust
lift

45
Q

what does gravity entail for a flier?

A

more important at low velocities

46
Q

what does drag entail for a flier?

A

more important at high velocities

47
Q

what does thrust entail for a flier?

A

energy needed for forward motion

48
Q

what does lift entail for a flier?

A

force generated that counters gravity
that increases with velocity

49
Q

why are large fliers affected more by gravity?

A

greater mass
fight harder= more energy

50
Q

why are small fliers affected less by drag?

A

they have higher relative density/viscosity

51
Q

how does an increase in velocity affect a flier?

A

limbs move faster
muscles contracts faster
more energy required

52
Q

what do small fliers have to do to move faster and stay aloft?

A

continually beat wings

53
Q

why can large fliers glide in the air?

A

they have a reduced energy expense

54
Q

what affect does an increase of velocity have on lift and drag for a flier?

A

both lift and drag increase

55
Q

when lift and drag increase what’s the effect on energy expense for gravity?

A

energy expense to fight gravity decrease

56
Q

when lift and drag increase what’s the affect on energy expense for drag?

A

energy expense to fight drag increases

57
Q

what is induced power?

A

energy required to counter gravity

58
Q

what is parasite power?

A

energy required to counter drag

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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