Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 241 > topic 8 > Flashcards

topic 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of an internal environment in the face of changes in the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a negative feedback system?

A

A change in a variable under homeostatic control triggers a response that opposes the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a sensor?

A

detects environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an integrator?

A

Analyses signal from sensor, compares conditions to the set point and activates an appropriate effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an effector?

A

Causes a physiological change that opposes the deviation from the set
point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does a sensor work for temperature regulation?

A

temp detection nerves in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the integrator for temperature regulation?

A

the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the effectors for temperature regulation?

A

muscle tissue, vasculature, sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a positive feedback system?

A

A change in a variable under homeostatic control triggers a response that amplifies the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

Regulating the internal body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the rate of heat exchanged called?

A

conductance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is body heat generated?

A

by metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the ways that heat can be exchanged with the environment?

A

conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is body heat regulated?

A

by changing the rate of heat gain and loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a homeotherm?

A

maintains “constant” body temperature
independent of ambient temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a heterotherm?

A

body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does an ectotherm generate heat?

A

acquires body heat from the environment
generate heat from metabolism but they don’t keep it
external heat generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do endotherms generate body heat?

A

uses metabolism to generate heat
internal heat generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is ambient temperature?

A

the average temperature of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does thermoregulation occur?

A

above and below the thermal neutral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is hypothermy?

A

temperature below the TNZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are symptoms of hypothermy?

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection, decreasing surface area, decreasing exposure (huddling/burrowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is hyperthermy?

A

temperature above the TNZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are symptoms of hyperthermy?

A

Panting, vasodilation, sweating, increasing surface area, decreasing exposure (to sun)

25
Q

what is low conduction an adaptation for?

A

heat retention

26
Q

what is high conduction an adaptation for?

A

heat loss

27
Q

what is behavioural regulation of conductance?

A

Moving to optimize heat exchange with the
environment to attain an ideal body temperature

28
Q

what are the 4 ways of behavioural regulation of conductance?

A

migration
grouping
exposure
dormancy

29
Q

what is exposure?

A

movement into or out of the sun/wind
increasing/decreasing surface area

30
Q

what is grouping?

A

huddling together to share radiation

31
Q

what is daily torpor?

A

A short (6-8 hours) reduction in activity

32
Q

what are characteristics of daily torpor?

A

10C drop in Tb and a lower MR
Reduce spending energy to stay warm (especially when food is scarce in winter)

33
Q

what is hibernation?

A

a long cycle of a 2-week reduction in activity before 1-2 days of being awake

34
Q

what are the characteristics of hibernation?

A

Tb regulated close to Ta
Massive reduction in MR
Requires massive heat generation for arousal

35
Q

what are the 2 types of dormancy?

A

hibernation
daily torpor

36
Q

if bears dont hibernate what do they do?

A

they winter sleep
2-3 days
10 degrees lower than Tb

37
Q

why don’t bears need to hibernate?

A

small SA/V,
lots of insulation (fat/fur), but food is
scarce, so they sleep and burn fat

38
Q

what is migration?

A

Complete avoidance of poor environmental conditions

39
Q

what is physiological regulation of conductance?

A

Making physiological adjustments to optimize heat exchange with the environment to attain an ideal body temperature

40
Q

what are the 7 methods of physiological conductance regulation?

A

Acclimation
Blood Flow
Insulation
Fur Length and Colour Change
Sweating/panting
Cryoprotectants
Shivering Thermogenesis
Non-shivering Thermogenesis

41
Q

what is membrane acclimation?

A

membrane viscosity is affected by temperature

42
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

Decreases conductance with environment

43
Q

when do endotherms use vasoconstriction?

A

when cold to retain heat

44
Q

when do ectotherms use vasoconstriction?

A

when hot to retain heat

45
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

increases conductance with environment

46
Q

when do endotherms use vasodilation?

A

when hot to release heat

47
Q

when do ectotherms use vasodilation?

A

when cold to increase heat gained
from environment

48
Q

what types of insolation are there?

A

internal
external
piloerection

49
Q

what is internal insolation?

A

fat/blubber
internal insulation layer to slow rate of heat transfer

50
Q

what is external insolation?

A

fur/feathers
external insulation layer to slow rate of heat transfer

51
Q

what is piloerection?

A

the “fluffing” of fur/feathers decreasing the
rate of heat transfer by increasing thickness
of insulation layer

52
Q

how does dark fur affect body temperature?

A

absorbs light
generates heat outside of insulation layer
easily lost to the environment

53
Q

how does light fur affect body temperature?

A

allows light to reach skin
generates heat inside the isolation layer

54
Q

what is sweating/panting?

A

heat loss due to evaporation

55
Q

what is a cryoprotectant?

A

glucose/glycerol molecules produced to lower freezing point
allow ice to form in extracellular spaces but not internally

56
Q

what are ice nucleating agents?

A

like antifreeze
prevents ice formation

57
Q

what is shivering thermogenesis?

A

Simultaneous action of antagonistic
muscles generate heat without causing
movement

58
Q

what is non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

Special fat tissue (brown fat) that is loaded with “special” mitochondria
Instead of using PMF for ATP production, its used to generate “heat”
Used by organisms to raise Tb

Biology 241 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions