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Biology 241 > topic 10 > Flashcards

topic 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the ideal conditions for energy production?

A

unlimited resources to support maximal growth, long life, continuous production of offspring (with high survival)

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2
Q

why are ideal production energy conditions mostly unattainable?

A

Energy must be spent to find food, avoid predators, etc.

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3
Q

what is the ultimate goal of an energy budget?

A

to have energy remaining to allocate to production

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4
Q

what are life history traits?

A

strategies resulting from natural selection

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5
Q

what do life history traits do?

A

maximize lifetime reproductive success
(FITNESS)

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6
Q

what is the life history theory?

A

Every species has a pattern of growth and development, reproduction, and death shaped by natural selection

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7
Q

how does environment affect life history traits?

A

by influencing energy budgets such as:
amount of light, food sources, shelter, wind, precipitation, etc.

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8
Q

what does maximizing reproductive success involve?

A

trade offs

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9
Q

what are trade-offs due to?

A

fixed energy budgets and selective pressures (environment)

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10
Q

what is a trade off?

A

If 2 life-history traits compete for a share of limited resources, then it’s impossible
to maximize both traits simultaneously
– any gains by one trait will result in a loss by the other

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11
Q

what is indeterminate growth?

A

Growth of the organism continues throughout the lifespan

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12
Q

what type of organism has indeterminate growth?

A

ectotherms

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13
Q

what is determinate growth?

A

Growth of the organism ceases when “adult” state is reached

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14
Q

what type of organism has determinate growth?

A

endotherms

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15
Q

what are the types of reproduction?

A

asexual
sexual

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16
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

an organism produces exact copies of themselves (clones)

17
Q

how do prokaryotes use asexual reproduction?

A

binary fission

18
Q

how do eukaryotes use asexual reproduction?

A

mitosis

19
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

two organisms produce combined genomes (recombinants)

20
Q

how are recombinants made?

A

Replicated genomes are halved into gametes (sperm or eggs) and combined
with other gametes to produce a zygote

21
Q

who uses sexual reproduction?

A

eukaryotes

22
Q

what are the 7 life history traits

A

Growth rate
– Parental investment
– Number of offspring (fecundity)
– Frequency of reproduction (parity)
– Size/age at sexual maturity
– Size of offspring
– Longevity/life expectancy (mortality rate)

23
Q

what is passive care?

A

pre “birth” energy investment (seed development, gestation, etc.)

24
Q

what is active care?

A

post “birth” energy investment (raising offspring, dispersing seeds)

25
Q

what happens when a species has low fecundity and low survivorship?

A

it goes extinct

26
Q

what does parity mean?

A

how often an individual reproduces

27
Q

what is semelparity?

A

Individuals of the same species can breed only once in its lifetime

28
Q

what is iteroparity?

A

Individuals of the same species can breed more than once in its lifetime

29
Q

when does fecundity increase?

A

when body size increases

30
Q

what does fecundity mean?

A

the ability to make many offspring

31
Q

what are the characteristics of an r-selected species?

A

Small offspring/adult size
Early sexual maturity
Semelparous
High fecundity (lots of offspring)
Low parental investment
Low juvenile survivorship
Short lifespan
Evolved to reproduce quickly

32
Q

what are the characteristics of a k-selected species?

A

Large offspring/adult size
Late sexual maturity
Iteroparous
Low fecundity (few offspring)
High parental investment
High juvenile survivorship
Long lifespan
Evolved to compete

33
Q

what does a life history table do?

A

Summarize information on age structure, size, life-history
(reproductive) stage, and survivorship of a population
* Used to predict how a population will change over time
-how to tell if r or k

34
Q

how are survivorship curves made?

A

by life history tables

35
Q

what is a type 1 survivorship curve?

A

Low mortality until end of life
large animals, few young
high parental care, high
juvenile survivorship
K-selected

36
Q

what is a type 2 survivorship curve?

A

Constant rate of mortality
throughout the lifespan
mix of r & K traits

37
Q

what is a type 3 survivorship curve?

A

low juvenile surviorship
Mortality rate decreases
with age
r-selected

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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