Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 241 > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of chemolithotrophy?

A

only occurs in prokaryotes
evolved when organic molecules weren’t abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which primary electron donors does chemolithotrophy use?

A

H2S, Fe, H2, NH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does chemolithotrophy not require?

A

glycolysis
fermentation
bridge reaction
Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does chemolithotrophy require?

A

ETC
oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why aren’t all metabolic pathways equal?

A

using different primary electron donors or final electron acceptors generate a proton gradient in which can differ in strength
-organic electron acceptors hold more potential energy and generate greater PMF than inorganic
-oxygen is the strongest final electron acceptor and will generate a greater PMF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

strength of PMF for aerobic respiration?

A

greatest PMF—> most ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

strength of PMF for aerobic respiration?

A

less PMF—> less ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

strength of PMF for chemolithotrophy?

A

least PMF—> least ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do reduction reactions work?

A

-polar covalent bonds in the reactant are broken
-nonpolar covalent bonds in the products are formed
-bonding electrons between carbon and oxygen in CO2 have moved closer to the C atoms in glucose so CO2 is reduced
-bonding electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen in H2O have moved farther away from the O atoms in O2 so water is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are membranes in the chloroplast?

A

outer
inner
thylakoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two spaces in the chloroplast?

A

stroma
lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

waves of different solar energy exist as photons and can be visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is important in photosynthesis?

A

400-700

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens when a photon hits an object?

A

it can be:
reflected (bounces back)
transmitted (pass through)
absorbed (electrons gain energy of the photon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is pigment?

A

molecules efficient at absorbing photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do pigments work?

A

their chemical structure allows their electrons to absorb solar energy and move to a higher level
-they absorb specific wave lengths which must match exactly the energy needed to raise an electron to a higher level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do blue pigments do to electrons?

A

raise them 2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do green pigments do to electrons?

A

wont raise an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do red pigments do to electrons?

A

raise them 1 level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are photosynthetic pigments?

A

embedded in the thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the main pigments for phototrophs?

A

chlorophylls

22
Q

what do chlorophylls do?

A

captures energy for photosynthesis

23
Q

what are carotenoids?

A

accessory pigments that extend the wavelength for energy absorption

24
Q

how are pigment molecules organized?

A

into photosystems which are light harvesting systems

25
Q

what is a reaction center?

A

a collection of proteins that interact with pigments

26
Q

what is clustered around reaction centers?

A

antenna pigments

27
Q

what do antenna pigments do?

A

channel energy to the reaction centre when excited

28
Q

how do reaction centres reduce a primary electron acceptor?

A

light is absorbed by an antenna pigment
-energy is transferred by inductive resonance to the reaction centre
-the reaction centre’s special chlorophyll donates an excited e- to the primary e- acceptor

29
Q

characteristics of a light dependent reaction?

A

solar energy is used to make ATP and NADH
linear electron transport

30
Q

what pigment does photosystem 2 use?

A

P680

31
Q

what pigment does photosystem 1 use?

A

P700

32
Q

how does photosystem 2 generate PMF

A

P680 reduces the primary e- acceptor which passes the e- to plastoquinone
-Pq reduces the cytochrome complex and release the H+ to the lumen
-cytochrome reduces Plastocyanin

33
Q

what is plastoquinone?

A

a hydrophobic electron taxi that grabs an electron from the stroma when reduced

34
Q

what is plastocyanin?

A

a hydrophilic electron taxi

35
Q

how does P680 replace its electron?

A

by oxidation of H2O

36
Q

How does photosystem 1 produce NADPH?

A

P700 reduces the primary electron acceptor which passes the electron to ferredoxin
-NADP+ reductase reduces NADP+ to NADPH in the stroma

37
Q

what is ferredoxin?

A

a hydrophilic electron taxi that reduces NADP+ reductase

38
Q

how does P700 replace its electron

A

by accepting electrons from plastocyanin

39
Q

what does electron flow through both photosystems produce?

A

a strong proton electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane

40
Q

how is the strong proton electrochemical gradient formed?

A

H+ released in the lumen by oxidation of H2O
H+ pumped from stroma to lumen
H+ are used in the stroma to reduce NADP+

41
Q

what is photophosphorylation?

A

using solar energy to generate PMF to power ATP synthase for chemiosmosis

42
Q

where is ATP generated during photophosphorylation?

A

the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane

43
Q

what are the three steps of the Calvin cycle?

A

carboxylation/fixation
reduction
regeneration

44
Q

why do we need cyclic electron transport?

A

because the Calvin cycle needs more ATP than linear electron transfer makes

45
Q

what happens in cyclic electron transport?

A

ferredoxin reduces Pq instead of NADP+ reductase
electrons flow normally to P700 to generate PMF

46
Q

what is the product of photosynthesis?

A

G3P

47
Q

where is G3P formed?

A

calvin cycle

48
Q

what is G3P converted to?

A

glucose

49
Q

uses for G3P glucose?

A

used in glycolysis and aerobic respiration
linked into polymers of starch or cell walls
used in synthesis of macromolecules (amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids)

50
Q

characteristics of cyanobacteria?

A

responsible for oxygenation of earth
photosynthetic mechanicm similar to chloroplasts (ps1, ps2, calvin cycle)

51
Q

characteristics of anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

only prokaryotes
before oxygen and organic molecules were abundant
first metabolism to use ETC
only uses cyclic electron flow
does not split H2O
does not produce oxygen

Biology 241 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions