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Biology 241 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytosol

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2
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

a series of coupled redox reactions that release the free energy of glucose and transfers some of the released energy into other molecules

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3
Q

what type of reaction is glycolysis?

A

a combustion reaction where glucose is burned in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

how do coupled redox reactions work (glycolysis)?

A

nonpolar covalent bonds in the reactants are broken
-polar covalent bonds in the products are formed
-bonding electrons between the carbon atoms in glucose have moved farther away from the C atoms in CO2 so glucose is oxidized
-bonding electrons between the O atoms of O2 have moved closer to O atoms in water so oxygen is reduced

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5
Q

what do electron carrier coenzymes generate?

A

reduction potential

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6
Q

what is reduction potential?

A

high energy electrons that have lots of potential energy

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7
Q

what goes into glycolysis per glucose?

A

2 ATP
2 NAD+

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8
Q

what is produced from glycolysis per glucose?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH

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9
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

transfer of a phosphate from an organic molecule to ADP to make ATP

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10
Q

why is glycolysis partial glucose oxidation?

A

not much ATP has been made and there’s a lot of energy left in pyruvate
-cell needs to remove pyruvate otherwise the product will build up
- the cell needs to restore NAD+ to continue glycolysis

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11
Q

what happens to pyruvate in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells when oxygen is limited?

A

pyruvate enters a fermentation pathway

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12
Q

what does the inner mitochondrial membrane do?

A

electron transfer
ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

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13
Q

what is the matrix and what does it do?

A

it’s the space inside both membranes
-is responsible for pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

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14
Q

how does pyruvate reduction during fermentation work?

A

fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to make ATP in the absence of O2
-removes pyruvate from the cell
-Fermentation doesn’t directly produce ATP

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15
Q

what is a bridge reaction?

A

pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA in the matrix
-connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle

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16
Q

what is input in the bridge reaction per pyruvate?

A

1 pyruvate
1 CoA
1 NAD+

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17
Q

what is input in the bridge reaction per glucose?

A

2 pyruvate
2 CoA
2 NAD+

18
Q

what is output in the bridge reaction per pyruvate?

A

1 CO2
1 NADH
1 acetyl CoA

19
Q

what is output in the bridge reaction per glucose?

A

2 CO2
2 NADH
2 acetyl CoA

20
Q

what is the citric acid cycle/ the Krebs cycle?

A

finishes oxidation of glucose
-8 connected reactions (5 coupled)
-catabolise reactions that oxidize acetyl CoA to CO2

21
Q

what are steps in the krebs cycle?

A

acetyl CoA (2C) is added to oxaloacetate (4C) to make citrate (6C)
-citrate is oxidized to oxaloacetate

22
Q

what is produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

2CO2 per acetyl coa
3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2

23
Q

what is the electron transport chain?

A

located in the IMM
consists of 4 protein complexes
2 electron taxis
transport electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2 using redox reactions

24
Q

what are the two electron taxis in ETC?

A

ubiquinone
cytochrome C

25
Q

what is Ubiquinone?

A

a hydrophobic electron taxi

26
Q

how does ubiquinone work?

A

taxis electrons from complex 1 to complex 2
taxis electrons from complex 2 to complex 3
when its reduced it takes an H+ from matrix and releases it in the IMS when its oxidized

27
Q

what is cytochrome C?

A

a hydrophilic electron taxi?

28
Q

how does cytochrome C work?

A

taxis electrons from complex 3 to complex 4

29
Q

how is electron flow redox driven?

A

e flow to increasingly electronegative prosthetic groups until they reach the final e acceptor (o2)
-each time an e transfer occurs, the e moves closer to the atomic nucleus and free energy is released to work

30
Q

how does the ETC pump proteins?

A

e flow is coupled to the pumping of protons from the matrix to the IMS to generate an electrochemical gradient

31
Q

complexes one and two of etc

A

NADH in the matrix donates electrons to complex 1
-H+ are pumped from the matrix to the IMS by complex 1
-FADH2 in the matrix donates electrons to complex 2

32
Q

complex 3 and 4 of ETC

A

electrons flow from complex 3 to complex 4
-H+ are pumped from the matrix into the IMS by complex 4
-complex 4 donates electrons to O2 which is reduced to H2O

33
Q

when is H+ concentration lowered in the matrix?

A

pumped across the membrane (c1, uq, c4)
used to reduce O2

34
Q

what is the H+ electrochemical gradient called?

A

the proton motive force (PMF)

35
Q

how is the PMF used for chemiosmosis?

A

potential energy in the PMF powers ATP synthase
as H+ move through ATP synthase to the matrix the energy is released to drive synthesis of ATP

36
Q

ATP synthase

A

as the H+ move through the channel free energy drives the catalytic part

37
Q

how much ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?

A

approximately 32 ATP
can range to 38

38
Q

why can ATP production vary so much?

A

some of the PMF is used for active pumps
some NADH and FADH2 have other uses in the cell

39
Q

what happens when you don’t need ATP?

A

glucose can be stored as a polymer (starch or glycogen)
-triglycerides can be generated for long term storage

40
Q

aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

A

all metabolism occurs in the cytosol and on the cell membrane

41
Q

characteristics of anaerobic respiration?

A

only in prokaryotes
evolved when o2 wasn’t abundant

42
Q

final electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration?

A

SO4, NO3

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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