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Biology 241 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a system?

A

anything of interest to the biologist (reactions, cells, organisms, ecosystems)

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2
Q

what are the surroundings of a system?

A

everything outside of the system

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3
Q

characteristics of an open system?

A

exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings

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4
Q

characteristics of a closed system?

A

exchanges only energy with its surroundings

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5
Q

characteristics of an isolated system?

A

does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings

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6
Q

what is energy?

A

the ability to cause change

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7
Q

what is work?

A

the change that requires energy

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8
Q

what is potential energy?

A

stored energy
energy an object has due to its position or chemical structure

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9
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

the energy of motion and change

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10
Q

what does the amount of potential energy depend on?

A

the arrangement of electrons in its chemical bonds

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11
Q

what type of molecules have high potential energy?

A

non polar
covalent

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12
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

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13
Q

charcateristics of the fist law?

A

energy can change location
energy can change forms
all energy that enters and leaves must come from its surroundings

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14
Q

what is enthalpy (H)?

A

the sum of all potential and keinetic energy in a system

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15
Q

when does the enthalpy change?

A

when work occurs

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16
Q

how is change in enthalpy measured?

A

by the amount of heat released or absorbed from the surroundings

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17
Q

if heat is released (enthalpy)?

A

change in enthalpy is negative
exothermic

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18
Q

if heat is absorbed (enthalpy)?

A

change in enthalpy is positive
endothermic

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19
Q

what does exothermic mean?

A

the products have less enthalpy than the reactants

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20
Q

what does endothermic mean?

A

the products have more enthalpy than the reactants

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21
Q

what does spontaneous mean?

A

a reaction that is able to occur under the current conditions

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22
Q

why is the oxidation of glucose spontaneous?

A

because it energetically favourable to convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

what are spontaneous reactions NOT?

A

instantaneous

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24
Q

when is a reaction nonspontaneous in the reverse direction?

A

when a reaction is spontaneous

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25
Q

what does nonspontaneous mean?

A

a reaction that cannot occur under current conditions

26
Q

what is entropy (S)?

A

how dispersed the energy of the system and surroundings is

27
Q

when does entropy change

A

when work occurs

28
Q

how is change in entropy measured?

A

by the degree to which the energy dispersal has changed

29
Q

change in entropy is positive if?

A

the energy has become more dispersed

30
Q

change in entropy is negative if?

A

the energy has become less dispersed

31
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the total entropy of the universe is always increasing
-every transfer or transformation of energy must increase the entropy of the universe

32
Q

what does universe refer to?

A

the system and its surroundings

33
Q

what does entropy determine?

A

if a reaction is spontaneous or not

34
Q

what is total entropy change?

A

the change of both the surroundings and the system

35
Q

what is free energy (G)?

A

the measure of the energy in a system that is free to do work

36
Q

what do we need for work to occur?

A

available energy to carry out the change
-reactants must have more free energy than the products

37
Q

what is the change in free energy is measured by?

A

the amount of energy that was used to make the change

38
Q

if change in free energy is negative?

A

energy is available

39
Q

if change in free energy is negative?

A

energy is NOT available

40
Q

what does exergonic mean?

A

change in free energy is negative
-there is enough free energy to change the system and the total entropy of the universe increases

41
Q

what does endergonic mean?

A

change in free energy is positive
-not enough energy to change the system and total entropy decreases

42
Q

if all biological reactions are exergonic then?

A

all cellular reactions have a negative free energy change

43
Q

in an exergonic reaction what has more free energy?

A

reactants

44
Q

when does chemical equilibrium occur?

A

when the forward reaction is equal to the reverse reaction

45
Q

what happens when a spontaneous reaction proceeds?

A

conditions change
-change in free energy increases until equilibrium is reached

46
Q

what happens when change in free energy is at 0 and the reaction is at equilibrium?

A

there is not enough free energy in the system to cause further change

47
Q

what is standard free energy change?

A

free energy under standard conditions

48
Q

what are standard conditions?

A

25c, ph7, 1M reactants, 1M products, 1 atm

49
Q

what happens when standard free energy change is positive?

A

the reverse reaction is spontaneous

50
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all reactions in a cell

51
Q

what is catabolism?

A

the breaking down of complex molecules
exergonic

52
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the building up of complex molecules
endergonic

53
Q

what are metabolic reactions in a cell linked to?

A

biochemical pathways
glycolosis

54
Q

what is a connected reaction?

A

two reactions where the product of the first reaction is the same as the reactant of the second reaction

55
Q

what does the extraction of energy from glucose start with?

A

the formation of glucose-6-P

56
Q

what is adenine triphosphate? (ATP)

A

the energy currency of the cell
-short term potential energy storage

57
Q

what is adenine composed of?

A

the nitrogenous base adenine
ribose (sugar)

58
Q

where does the potential energy come from in ATP?

A

compressed negative charges

59
Q

what happens during ATP hydrolysis?

A

bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
-the G of the new bonds is less than the G of the old ones

60
Q

how do cells carry out anabolic and catabolic reactions while maintaining exergonic?

A

cells manipulate product and reaction concentrations
-use coupled reactions

61
Q

the first two reactions of glycolisis?

A

the first reaction is a coupled reaction because it is connected to the second reaction
-the second reaction is not coupled

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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