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Biology 241 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a system?

A

anything of interest to the biologist (reactions, cells, organisms, ecosystems)

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2
Q

what are the surroundings of a system?

A

everything outside of the system

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3
Q

characteristics of an open system?

A

exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings

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4
Q

characteristics of a closed system?

A

exchanges only energy with its surroundings

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5
Q

characteristics of an isolated system?

A

does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings

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6
Q

what is energy?

A

the ability to cause change

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7
Q

what is work?

A

the change that requires energy

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8
Q

what is potential energy?

A

stored energy
energy an object has due to its position or chemical structure

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9
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

the energy of motion and change

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10
Q

what does the amount of potential energy depend on?

A

the arrangement of electrons in its chemical bonds

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11
Q

what type of molecules have high potential energy?

A

non polar
covalent

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12
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

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13
Q

charcateristics of the fist law?

A

energy can change location
energy can change forms
all energy that enters and leaves must come from its surroundings

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14
Q

what is enthalpy (H)?

A

the sum of all potential and keinetic energy in a system

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15
Q

when does the enthalpy change?

A

when work occurs

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16
Q

how is change in enthalpy measured?

A

by the amount of heat released or absorbed from the surroundings

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17
Q

if heat is released (enthalpy)?

A

change in enthalpy is negative
exothermic

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18
Q

if heat is absorbed (enthalpy)?

A

change in enthalpy is positive
endothermic

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19
Q

what does exothermic mean?

A

the products have less enthalpy than the reactants

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20
Q

what does endothermic mean?

A

the products have more enthalpy than the reactants

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21
Q

what does spontaneous mean?

A

a reaction that is able to occur under the current conditions

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22
Q

why is the oxidation of glucose spontaneous?

A

because it energetically favourable to convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

what are spontaneous reactions NOT?

A

instantaneous

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24
Q

when is a reaction nonspontaneous in the reverse direction?

A

when a reaction is spontaneous

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25
what does nonspontaneous mean?
a reaction that cannot occur under current conditions
26
what is entropy (S)?
how dispersed the energy of the system and surroundings is
27
when does entropy change
when work occurs
28
how is change in entropy measured?
by the degree to which the energy dispersal has changed
29
change in entropy is positive if?
the energy has become more dispersed
30
change in entropy is negative if?
the energy has become less dispersed
31
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
the total entropy of the universe is always increasing -every transfer or transformation of energy must increase the entropy of the universe
32
what does universe refer to?
the system and its surroundings
33
what does entropy determine?
if a reaction is spontaneous or not
34
what is total entropy change?
the change of both the surroundings and the system
35
what is free energy (G)?
the measure of the energy in a system that is free to do work
36
what do we need for work to occur?
available energy to carry out the change -reactants must have more free energy than the products
37
what is the change in free energy is measured by?
the amount of energy that was used to make the change
38
if change in free energy is negative?
energy is available
39
if change in free energy is negative?
energy is NOT available
40
what does exergonic mean?
change in free energy is negative -there is enough free energy to change the system and the total entropy of the universe increases
41
what does endergonic mean?
change in free energy is positive -not enough energy to change the system and total entropy decreases
42
if all biological reactions are exergonic then?
all cellular reactions have a negative free energy change
43
in an exergonic reaction what has more free energy?
reactants
44
when does chemical equilibrium occur?
when the forward reaction is equal to the reverse reaction
45
what happens when a spontaneous reaction proceeds?
conditions change -change in free energy increases until equilibrium is reached
46
what happens when change in free energy is at 0 and the reaction is at equilibrium?
there is not enough free energy in the system to cause further change
47
what is standard free energy change?
free energy under standard conditions
48
what are standard conditions?
25c, ph7, 1M reactants, 1M products, 1 atm
49
what happens when standard free energy change is positive?
the reverse reaction is spontaneous
50
what is metabolism?
the sum of all reactions in a cell
51
what is catabolism?
the breaking down of complex molecules exergonic
52
what is anabolism?
the building up of complex molecules endergonic
53
what are metabolic reactions in a cell linked to?
biochemical pathways glycolosis
54
what is a connected reaction?
two reactions where the product of the first reaction is the same as the reactant of the second reaction
55
what does the extraction of energy from glucose start with?
the formation of glucose-6-P
56
what is adenine triphosphate? (ATP)
the energy currency of the cell -short term potential energy storage
57
what is adenine composed of?
the nitrogenous base adenine ribose (sugar)
58
where does the potential energy come from in ATP?
compressed negative charges
59
what happens during ATP hydrolysis?
bonds are broken and new bonds are formed -the G of the new bonds is less than the G of the old ones
60
how do cells carry out anabolic and catabolic reactions while maintaining exergonic?
cells manipulate product and reaction concentrations -use coupled reactions
61
the first two reactions of glycolisis?
the first reaction is a coupled reaction because it is connected to the second reaction -the second reaction is not coupled

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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