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Biology 241 > topic 7 > Flashcards

topic 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are energy demands?

A

maintenance, growth, activity, reproduction

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2
Q

what factors do energy budgets depend on?

A

the size, activity, environment

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3
Q

what is an ectotherm?

A

an organism that doesn’t regulate their own body temperature
they take the same energy as their surroundings

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4
Q

what is an endotherm?

A

An organism that has a constant body temperature

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5
Q

what is influenced by size/mass on energy expenditure?

A

the way they move, how often, the things they eat

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6
Q

what is scaling?

A

The study of the effect of size on anatomy/physiology

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7
Q

why do large organisms have smaller SA/V?

A

Large organisms have to
maintain huge internal
surface area to exchange
matter/energy with the
environment

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8
Q

why do Organisms need to obtain resources and excrete waste?

A

to support their mass

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9
Q

where do organisms exchange energy and matter?

A

across their membranes

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10
Q

why are Small surface area to volume ratios a disadvantage for large organisms?

A

Nutrient exchange and energy generation
Large organisms have highly branched circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems to increase surface area

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11
Q

why are Small surface area to volume ratios an advantage for large organisms?

A

Heat retention
Heat is produced by the entire volume and lost through surface area

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12
Q

what is allometry?

A

a scale where aspects do not vary proportionally to size

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13
Q

what are log transformations?

A

Log transformation is used for data normalization
Log transformation can be used to make power function linear.

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14
Q

what is positive allometry or hyperallometry?

A

As one dimension increases, the other
dimension increases to a greater proportion
Y = aX 1.5 OR log Y = 1.5(log X) + log a

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15
Q

what is negative allometry or hypoallometry?

A

As one dimension increases, the other
dimension increases to a lesser proportion
Y = aX 0.7 OR log Y = 0.7(log X) + log a

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16
Q

what is a daily energy budget?

A

energy in= energy out

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17
Q

what is the total energy available to the organism?

A

Energy ASSIMILATION = Energy IN – Energy Excretion

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18
Q

why do large organisms need more food than small organisms?

A

Large organisms have a greater Ein value per unit time

19
Q

why can large organisms eat more than small ones?

A

Large organisms eat less often than small organisms relative to the body size

20
Q

why can Large organisms take in more air with each breath and pump a greater volume of blood with each heartbeat?

A

Large organisms have a lower breathing and heart rate than small organisms

21
Q

what are examples of energy excretion?

A

urine, feces, shedding, heat etc

22
Q

what is a measure of evolutionary fitness?

A

The total amount and rate at which they obtain energy from food

23
Q

what is retention time?

A

How long food remains in the digestive tract

24
Q

how is energy measured?

A

calories or jules

25
Q

how is metabolic rate measured?

A

calories per unit time

26
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

Rate of energy consumption – rate at which it converts chemical energy to heat and external work

27
Q

why is metabolic rate needed?

A

Helps determine how much food an animal needs
Quantitative measurement of total activity of all physiological
mechanisms
Ecologically, helps to determine the pressure on energy supplies
in the ecosystem

28
Q

what is resting metabolic rate?

A

Energy expenditure at rest but routine activities/day

29
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

Metabolism at complete rest – lowest possible

30
Q

what is standard metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate measured at a specified temperature (ectotherms)

31
Q

what is field metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate measured in wild animals

32
Q

what is basal metabolic rate of a homeotherm?

A

the animal’s metabolic rate
while it is
* In its thermoneutral zone
* Fasting
* Resting

33
Q

what is the standard metabolic rate of a poikilotherm

A

the animal’s metabolic rate
while it is
* Fasting
* Resting
specific for the prevailing body temperature

34
Q

what is direct calorimetry?

A

measures the heat loss
Expensive and cumbersome

35
Q

what is indirect calorimetry?

A

measures O2 consumed or CO2 produced
cheap and easy

36
Q

what are two ways of indirect calorimetry?

A

Respirometry
the material-balance
method

37
Q

what is respirometry?

A

Measuring an animal’s rate of respiratory gas exchange with its environment

38
Q

what is the material balance methode?

A

Measuring the chemical-energy content of the organic matter that enters and leaves an animal’s body

39
Q

what is energy activity?

A

includes most forms of movement above the
resting state
When activity increases the heat generated may cover the thermoregulation costs of a dormant (resting) organism

40
Q

what is energy production?

A

represents both growth and reproduction

41
Q

what would energy production be if an organism has a balanced energy budget?

A

zero

42
Q

what happens to energy production if enough energy is consumed?

A

the value is positive and mass will increase

43
Q

what happens to energy production if not enough energy is consumed?

A

the value is negative and the mass will decrease

Biology 241 (12 decks)

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