Topic 88 - Infectious necrotic hepatitis, bacillary haemoglobinuria caused by Clostridium haemolyticum (GREEN)

Question 1

What is the Infectious necrotic hepatitis?

Answer 1

It is an an acute toxemia in sheep mainly, occurring worldwide and infected by liver flukes. Especially common in summer, early autumn, connected with grazing period

Question 2

Causative agent for Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 2

Clostridia novyi B

= Strictly ANAEROBIC Cannot stand oxygen, at all !!

Question 3

Host and age infected with Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 3

Sheep
1-4 years of age

Question 4

Predisposing factors of Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 4

Liver flukes, causing damage to the liver

Question 5

Pathogenesis of Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 5

1. Per os infection
2. The liver flukes reaches the liver, causing liver necrosis
3. We see focal inflammation - necrosis
4. There is a toxic affect and we see death

Question 6

Clinical signs for Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 6

Very fast course !!
We see CNS-signs, because the liver function is damaged

1. Imbalance
2. Teeth grinding
3. Depression
   4. In the last phase: Laboured breathing

Question 7

Post mortem lesions in case of Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 7

Very typical

1. We see a necrotic foci which is surrounded by a red ring
2. Accumulation of fluid in thoracic and abdominal cavity

Question 8

How to diagnose Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 8

Can reach a good diagnosis with Epidemiological data + clinical signs and post mortem lesions

To detect the agent, we can use microscope, IF

Question 9

Prevention of Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Answer 9

1. Antiparasitic treatment to the whole flock
2. Vaccine is used in endemic areas

Question 10

What is bacillary haemoglobinuria?

Answer 10

It is a sudden disease of mainly beef cattle, occurring in America and Australia causing anaemia and haemoglobinuria

Question 11

Causative agent for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 11

Clostridium haemolyticum

= Strictly ANAEROBIC Cannot stand oxygen, at all !!

Question 12

Which toxin is produced by the causative agent for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 12

Beta toxin, Phospholipase C which is the main toxin produced by Clostridium haemolyticum and is responsible for the disease.

Question 13

Pathogenesis of bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 13

1. Infection per os, from the soil
2. Needs predisposing factors to “develop”
3. Phospholipase C is produced and absorbed, causing a intra vascular haemolysis - resulting in anaemia and haemoglobinuria

Question 14

Predisposing factors for bacillary haemoglobinuria:

Answer 14

1. Liver necrosis
2. High nitrate concentration of the diet can damage the liver
3. Fasciolosis

Question 15

Clinical signs for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 15

Sudden onset, sometimes seen as asymptomatic

1. Fever
2. Depression
3. Jaundice
4. Anaemia + haemoglobinuria is the main clinical signs
5. Increased heart and breathing rate

Question 16

Post mortem lesions for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 16

1. Thin blood due to the anaemia
2. Haemorrhages
3. Necrosis in the liver - Very typical !!
4. Bloody body fluids
5. Red urine can be seen in the bladder

Question 17

How to diagnose bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 17

Can have a good diagnosis with Epidemiological data + clinical signs and post mortem lesions

To detect the agent we use: PCR, bacterium culture

Question 18

Treatment for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 18

Generally no treatment, but we can try: penicillin, fluid therapy or blood transfusions

Question 19

Prevention for bacillary haemoglobinuria

Answer 19

Vaccine - gives only 6 months of protection