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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 > Topic 72 - Vesicular stomatitis, ephemeral fever (RED) > Flashcards

Topic 72 - Vesicular stomatitis, ephemeral fever (RED) Flashcards

1
Q

Which virus causes vesicular stomatitis and ephemeral fever?

A

Rhabdovirus

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2
Q

what type of virus is the rhabdovirus?

A

Negative single stranded RNA

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3
Q

rhabdovirus, enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

Enveloped

= weak resistance

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4
Q

For how long can rhabdovirus survive in the environment?

A

It cannot survive, or it survives for a very short period

The virus needs an extra feature to be transmitted from one host to another

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5
Q

Why is isolation of rhabdovirus, not recommened?

A

Because there is a weak or no cytopathogenic effect

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6
Q

How is rhabdovirus spread?

A
  • Contact spread through saliva and bite/injury
  • Arbovirus (arthropods)
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7
Q

Does rhabdovirus have good or bad antigens?

A

Good.

There can be cross-reactions within the genera

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8
Q

Taxonomy of rhabdovirus, name the main groups:

A
  1. Vesivulovirus
  2. Ephemerovirus
  3. Lyssavirus
  4. Novirhabdovirus
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9
Q

Disease caused by Vesiculovirus genus for the rhabdovirus:

A
  1. Vesicular stomatitis

2. Sprin viraemia virus of carp

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10
Q

Disease caused by Ephemerovirus genus for the rhabdovirus:

A

Bocine ephemeral fever virus

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11
Q

Disease caused by Lyssavirus genus for the rhabdovirus:

A

Rabies

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12
Q

Disease caused by Novirhabdovirus genus for the rhabdovirus:

A

Disease of fish only!

1. Haemorrhagic septicaemia of trout
2. Infectious haemopoetic necrosos of salmon

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13
Q

What is vesicular stomatitis?

A

It is a viral disease which primarily affects horses, cattle, and swine, causing vesicles.

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14
Q

Occurence of vesicular stomatitis:

A

America

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15
Q

Is vesicular stomatitis OiE listed?

A

Not since 2015

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16
Q

When was the last reported outbreak of vesicular stomatitis?

A

2019-2020 in the USA

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17
Q

Name the most important genotypes of Vesiculovirs:

A

Indiana
New Jersey

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18
Q

What is the reason behind varius genotypes of the Vesiculovirus?

A

There are frequent mutations in the glycoprotein

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19
Q

What is the Glycoprotein?

A

It is the outer receptor which binds the protein of rhabdovirus, it is located on the outer lipid layer

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20
Q

What is the Glycoprotein responsible for?

A

Binding infective cells of the virus.
There can be mutations within the glycoprotein, which causes a harder time for the immune system to recognise and eliminate the virus because the antibodies are specific

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21
Q

What are the arthropod vectotors of vesicular stomatitis?

A

Sandlfy
Blackfly

But also: midges and flies - But this is less common
And they are only Mechanical vectors

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22
Q

Biological vectors of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Sandfly
Blackfly

= carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts

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23
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

transmit diseases by transporting the causative agent from one animal to another

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24
Q

Host range of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Very wide, but mainly equidae

Less susceptible:
Ruminants
Swine
Alpaca and Lama (mostly in America)

Even less susceptile - Mostly asymptomatic
Humans
Wild mammalian species

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25
Q

How is vesicular stomatitis infected?

A

Mainly through arthropod vectors at the start of the outbreak. As the outbreak continues, the virus sprad with direct contact of animals - Have to be VERY close

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26
Q

What is essential for direct contact transmission of vesicular stomatitis?

A

We need:
1. Epithelial tissue, mainly from oral cavity
2. Saliva
3. Oral wounds
4. Sometimes: Water and Fomites

27
Q

Accidental host of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Domestic animals

28
Q

What is the normal cycle of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Infection between arthropod and wild animals

29
Q

Morbidity and mortality of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Morbidity = High
Mortality= Low

30
Q

Season(s) more prone for infection of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Summer, in wet conditions

31
Q

Pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis:

A
  1. There is an infection
  2. There is a local primary vesicle formation.
  3. The virus will reach the blood, causing viraemia
  4. There is a generalised infecteion and the virus enters the predilections sites
  5. There will be secondary vesicles formation, which are more severe.
32
Q

Predilection siste of vesicle of vesicular stomatitis:

A

Mouth
Coronary bands of hoof
Teats

33
Q

How is the immunity of vesicular stomatitis:

A

There are long lasting antibodies, BUT short clinical protection, so reinfection is possible after 1 year

34
Q

Incubation time for vesicular stomatitis:

A

1-3 days

35
Q

Clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis:

A

First: general signs
Later:
Vesicle formation, which erupts/damaged and there will be erosions

36
Q

Which sites can we observe vesicles/erosions in case of vesicular stomatitis, and what clinical sign will follow?

A
  1. Lips, oral cavity, tongue: causing anorexia, salivation due to pain
  2. Coronary band: causing limping due to pain
  3. Teats: causing drop in milk production
37
Q

How to diagnose vesicular stomatitis:

A

We look at the epidemiological roles: endemic area, seasonality and we also look at the clinical signs.
We also detect antigen or antibody

38
Q

Differential diagnosis for vesicular stomatitis:

A

Swine: SVD, VES

Ruminants + swine: FMD

Horses: symptoms are pathognemic (no other disease causes vesicle formation in horse)

39
Q

How to detect antigen in case of vesicular stomatitis?

A

We take sample from wall of content of vesicle

RT-PCR
Isolation, on: cell culture, egg, mouse

40
Q

How can we detect antibodies in case of vesicular stomatitis?

A

We use serology:
ELISA
VN - Virus Neutralisation

41
Q

Treatment for vesicular stomatitis:

A

Only symptomatic !

  • Soft food
  • Clean, soft bedding and foot disinfection
42
Q

Prevention for vesicular stomatitis in endemic countries:

A
  1. Rely on seroconversion from recovery
  2. Movement restriction
  3. Atrhropod control
  4. Vaccination
43
Q

Prevention for vesicular stomatitis in endemic countries, vaccination type:

A

Inactivated vaccine, with protection for up to 1 year

In South America = live attenuated and inactivated

44
Q

Prevention for vesicular stomatitis in disease free countries:

A

Veterinary administration rules

45
Q

Public health concerns regarding vesicular stomatitis:

A

ZOONOTIC !!

46
Q

Clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis in humans:

A

In non-endemic areas: asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms, rarely we see mild vesicle formation

children: more severe, but rarely we see encephalitis

47
Q

What is the Ephemeral fever?

A

an infectious, rarely fatal disease also known as three-day-sickness

48
Q

Occurence of Ephemeral fever?

A

Found in tropical regions:
Africa
Australia
Asia

49
Q

Genotypes and serotypes of Ephemeral fever:

A

Serologically uniform, with no cross-protection

More genotypes, but they cause the same disease

50
Q

How is Ephemeral fever transmitted?

A

By mosquitos

There is NO spread with discharges or contact, BUT might be transmittable with blood feks with needles - very rare

51
Q

Biological vectors of Ephemeral fever:

A

Mosquitos

52
Q

Host range of Ephemeral fever:

A

Restricted:
Cattle mostly, sometimes buffalo

Other ruminants = seropoitivity

53
Q

Morbidity and mortality of Ephemeral fever:

A

Morbidity = High
Mortality = Low

54
Q

Pathogenesis of Ephemeral fever:

A
  1. Mosquito bite infection
  2. There is a viremia, where the virus is transmitted with the leukocytes.
  3. The leukocytes carries the virus to the small blood vessels causing inflammation
  4. With the inflammation there will be endothel damage which again will cause the clinical signs.
55
Q

Shedding of Ephemeral fever virus:

A

There is no shedding

56
Q

Incubation time for Ephemeral fever:

A

Short

57
Q

Clinical signs for Ephemeral fever:

A

Fever
Anorexia
Weakness causing lameness
Respiratory signs
Salivation

58
Q

Why does Ephemeral fever cause such a big economical loss, when the mortality is low?

A

Because the milf production will decrease and the body weight of the animals will decrease

59
Q

How to diagnose the Ephemeral fever:

A

Endemic regions
Seasonality
Clinical signs
Detection of agent and serology

60
Q

How can we detect the antigen of Ephemeral fever?

A

We can use EDTA blood and look at the value of leukocytes
RT-PCR
Suckling mice brain

61
Q

How can we detect the serology of Ephemeral fever?

A

ELISA with paried sera

62
Q

Treatment of Ephemeral fever?

A

Symptomatic treatment, rest
Antibiotics IF secondary bacterial complications

63
Q

Prevention of Ephemeral fever in endemic areas:

A

Movement restrictions
Mosquito control
Live attanuated vaccine - Widely used, and causes a long-lasting protection

64
Q

Prevention of Ephemeral fever in disease free areas:

A

Inactivated vaccine, but this is not very effective

So usually there is epidemiological rules: stamping out etc

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 (34 decks)

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