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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 > Topic 64 - Rinderpest, peste des petitis ruminants (RED) > Flashcards

Topic 64 - Rinderpest, peste des petitis ruminants (RED) Flashcards

1
Q

Common name for Rinderpest

A

Cattle plague

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2
Q

Occurence of Rinderpest:

A

1st disease that has been succesfully eradicated

since June 2011

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3
Q

Causative agent of Rinderpest:

A

Rinderpest virus

Official name: Rinderpest morbiliivirus

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4
Q

How many serotypes does Rinderpest have?

A

None.
Rinderpest virus is uniformH

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5
Q

How many genotypes does Rinderpest virus have?

A

3.

they are related according to geographical origin

1. West African
2. East African
3. Asian

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6
Q

Resistance of Rinderpest virus

A

Low

enveloped virus

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7
Q

Can Rinderpest virus be inactivated?

A

Yes, in meat

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8
Q

Why can Rinderpest virus be incativated in meat?

A

The acidic pH in fermentation of the meat will inactivate the virus

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9
Q

What are the hosts of Rinderpest virus?

A

Main host = cattle.

But the virus can colonise and cause disease in
- Swine
- Other ruminants

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10
Q

Maintaining host of Rinderpest virus:

A

Cattle

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11
Q

Shedding of Rinderpest virus:

A

Excretes: mainly faeces, but also in saliva and urine

The virus is shed also during incubation

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12
Q

Transmission of Rinderpest virus:

A

By direct contact of herds, per os - Markets, drinking water

Can also be transmitted in frozen meat, the lymph nodes carrying the virus

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13
Q

Morbidity and mortality of Rinderpest virus:

A

Morbidity = close to 100%

Mortality = 40-90%

Mortality depends on if the breed is local or imported
Imported - close to 100%
Local - 40-50%

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of Rinderpest virus:

A
  1. Infection per os, but can also be inhaled
  2. There is a primary replication in the lymph nodes around the throath
  3. There is a viraemia, transporting the virus to other organs - Spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, mucous membrane
  4. There is an inflammation of the mucous membrane, we can also see necrosis and erosions.
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15
Q

What can we see in case of an animal surviving the Rinderpest virus, regarding immunity?

A

Lifelong immunity

It will also result in sterile healing

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16
Q

What is a sterile healing, in case of Rinderpest virus?

A

The virus is cleared from the infected animal, we have a maximum 3 week long carrying of the virus, but never longer

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17
Q

Incubation time for rinderpest:

A

3-9 days

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18
Q

Clinical signs. Name the different forms for Rinderpest virus:

A
  1. Acute form
  2. Peracute form
  3. Subacute form
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19
Q

We differentiate between 3 phases for all 3 forms of clinical signs, name them:

A
  1. Febrile phase = happens parallell with the viraemia
  2. Erosive phase
  3. Diarrhoetic phase
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20
Q

Clinical signs, acute form of Rinderpest virus
Febrile phase

A

High fever
Depression

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21
Q

Clinical signs, acute form of Rinderpest virus
Erosive phase

A

Erosions and necrosis of mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavity

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22
Q

Clinical signs, acute form of Rinderpest virus
Diarrhoetic phase

A

Intensive diarrhoea
We can see epithelial tissue debris due to the mucous membrane necrosis.
We also get dehydration, and due to this we also see death

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23
Q

Clinical signs, peracute form of Rinderpest virus

A

Typicall seen in new-born animals, young calves and imported animals.

We see:
Fever
Death within 2-3 days

Because there is a death within short amount of time, the clinical signs are not always clear

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24
Q

Clinical signs, subacute form of Rinderpest virus

A

Mild fever
Serous nasal discharge
Lachrymation and salivation due to the necrosis of the mucous membrane

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25
Q

Clinical signsin sheep, goat and swine in case of Rinderpest virus

A

They are not as susceptible as cattle, so we see milder clinical signs:

26
Q

Post mortem lesions for Rinderpest virus:

A

Most important ones are seen on the mucous membranes !!

  1. Necrosis and erosions, and due to the erosions the blood vessels are coming to the surface and we see fibrinous pseudo-membranes
  2. Necrosis + hyperaemia causes blackening of the folds of the large intestines, also called zebra stripes
  3. We see necrosis in the lymph nodes and payers patches
27
Q

Histopathological lesions in case of Rinderpest virus:

A
  1. Necrosis of lymphoid and epithelial tissues
  2. Cytoplasmic inclusions bodies
  3. Syncytia = merging the cells
28
Q

How can we diagnose Rinderpest virus:

A

We look at the epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology.
We also test for antigen and antibodies

29
Q

Which test are done for detecting of antigens, in case of Rinderpest virus?

A

PCR !!
But can also use: virus isolation

30
Q

Which test are done for detecting of antibodies, in case of Rinderpest virus?

A

ELISA

But also: virus neutralisation

31
Q

In case of Rinderpest virus, what does presence of antibodies indicate?

A

Presence of the virus, becuse there is no vaccination

32
Q

Differential diagnosis of Rinderpest virus:

A

Every disease with erosions !!

  1. Malignant catharall fever - Very hard to differentiate
  2. FMD
  3. Swine dysentry
33
Q

Is Rinderpest virus a notifable disease?

A

yes

34
Q

How was Rinderpest virus successfully eradicated, name some factors:

A
  1. The virus have low resistance
  2. There is only one mainting host species - cattle
  3. There are no long-carriers for the virus
  4. Sterile recovery
35
Q

Prevention measures in case there is an outbreak of Rinderpest virus:

A
  1. Closed herds
  2. Stamping out
  3. There is a vaccine in stock, but this is only to be used in case of an outbreak !!
36
Q

When was the last reported outbreak of Rinderpest virus?

A

2001

37
Q

What is Peste Des Petitis Ruminants disease?

A

A disease that is very similar to the rinderpest, but caused by a independent virus

38
Q

Occurence of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Originally in Africa, but later spread to Asia and as of 2023 - Bulgaria

39
Q

Causative agent of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

PPR virus
Peste Des Petitis Ruminants virus

40
Q

How many serotypes for Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

1

making the vaccination easier

41
Q

Host range for Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Mainly: sheep and goat

But also susceptible: Indian buffalo, gazelle and cattle

42
Q

What is special with cattle in case of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants?

A

They are seropositive, there are rarely any clinical signs.
And they do not carry the disease

43
Q

How is Peste Des Petitis Ruminants transmitted?

A

by direct contact, through inhalation or per os

44
Q

How is Peste Des Petitis Ruminants shed?

A

By excretes: saliva, urine, faces

45
Q

Is there a season it is more common to see Peste Des Petitis Ruminants?

A

Yes.
During rainy season and in dry, cold weather

46
Q

Morbidity and mortality of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Morbidity: 90-100%

Mortality: 50-100%

**Mortality depends on the breed, ⭡imported or ⭣local

47
Q

Pathogenesis of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Same as rinderpest !!

  1. Infection per os, but can also be inhaled
  2. There is a primary replication in the lymph nodes around the throath
  3. There is a viraemia, transporting the virus to other organs - Spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, mucous membrane
  4. There is an inflammation of the mucous membrane, we can also see necrosis and erosions.
48
Q

Incubation time for Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

4-6 days

49
Q

Clinical signs, acute form of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Fever, due to necrosis and viraemia
Nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis which causes ⭡lacrimation
Necrosis of oral epithelium
Salivation
Erosions of the mucous membrane
Abortion

50
Q

Clinical signs, peracute form of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants

A

Mostly in goats

Fever
Depression
Death

51
Q

Clinical signs, chronic form of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Mostly seen in sheeps

Milder clinical signs

52
Q

Pathological lesions in case of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

In oral and nasal cavity:
1. Necrosis or mucous membranes
2. Sometimes haemorrhages

Gut:
1. Haemorrhagic enteritis
2. Necrosis
3. Zebra stripes

Lung:
1. Interstitial pneumonia
But this is only if the animal survives for a longer period of time, mostly in sheep (chronic form)

53
Q

How can we diagnose Peste Des Petitis Ruminants?

A

Epidemiology
Clinical signs
Pathological lesions
Antigen detection
Antibody detection

54
Q

How can we detect antigens?

A

PCR !!

But also: virus isolation

55
Q

How can we detect antibodies?

A

ELISA !!

If there is a presence of antibodies in an endemic area, it does NOT support the diagnosis. In this case we have to do the paired test - repeating the test after 2-3 weeks and compare the level of antibodies

56
Q

Differential diagnosis of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Rinderpest
Bluetongue
FMD

57
Q

Prevention of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants:

A

Depends on the area, if it is a endemic or free area.

58
Q

Prevention of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants in an endemic area:

A
  1. Closed herds
  2. Movement restrictions
  3. Vaccination, attenuated - Gives good protection

Vaccination is done at the same as the other measures

59
Q

In an Peste Des Petitis Ruminants endemic area, how often do we vaccinate?

A

1st: After 3 months of age (due to maternal protection
2nd: After 3 years

The vaccine have long protection - 3 tears

60
Q

Prevention of Peste Des Petitis Ruminants in a disease free area:

A
  1. Prevention of introduction
  2. Monitoring of the virus in areas close the endemic areas
61
Q

Measures in case there is an outbreak in a Peste Des Petitis Ruminants free area:

A
  1. Closed herds
  2. Stamping out
  3. Vaccine - BUT: needs special permission to use it within the EU

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 (34 decks)

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