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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 > Topic 66 - Diseases caused by Henipa viruses > Flashcards

Topic 66 - Diseases caused by Henipa viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is henipavirus?

A

Belonging to paramyxovirus, and have two main viruses belonging to the genus

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2
Q

Name the two viruses under the henipa virus genus:

A

Hendra virus
Nipah virus

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3
Q

What is the Hendra virus?

A

It is a rare emerging zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal disease in both infected horses and humans

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4
Q

Occurence of Hendra virus

A

Australia

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5
Q

When was the last reported case of hendra virus?

A

2011

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6
Q

Host of Hendra virus:

A

Horse and human

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7
Q

Reservoir host of Hendra virus:

A

Flying foxes, the bat, they are asymptomatic

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8
Q

How are Hendra virus transmitted?

A

By the flying fox (bat) excreting the virus, via urine, and the horse inhaling the virus

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9
Q

Pathogenesis of Hendra virus:

A
  1. Infection trough excretes of flying foxes, infected frutis or horse-to-horse contact
  2. There is a primary replication in the lymphoid tissue of the upper respiratory tract, causing a viraemia
  3. The viraemia spreads the virus and it will reach different body parts ⭢ especially lungs, and also CNS
  4. The primary target, the endothelial cells, are damages causing vasculitis
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10
Q

Incubation time for Hendra virus

A

6-10 days

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11
Q

Clinical signs for Hendra virus:

A
  1. ⭡breathing rate
  2. Nasal discharge
  3. Coughing, due to the inflammation of the lungs
  4. Sometimes CNS signs: spasms, paralysis
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12
Q

Pathological lesions for Hendra virus

A

See mainly pathological lesions in the lungs:
1. Interstitial pneumonia
2. Oedema

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13
Q

Histopathological lesions for Hendra virus:

A

Vasculitis

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14
Q

How to diagnose Hendra virus?

A

We look at clinical signs, pathology and histopathology.
Detection of antigen or antibodies are recommened !!

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15
Q

How to detect antigen or antibodies in case of Hendra virus?

A

Antigen: PCR
Antibodies: ELISA

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16
Q

Treatment for Hendra virus:

A

No treatment

17
Q

Prevention for Hendra virus:

A
  1. Avoid contact with flying foxes
  2. Closed herds
  3. Stamping out
  4. Vaccine, in Australia
18
Q

How are humans infected with Hendra virus?

A

From horses, through inhalation

19
Q

What is the Nipah virus?

A

It is a zoonotic virus, causing disease in pigs and humans

20
Q

Occurence of Nipah virus

A

Indonesia
Afrika
India

21
Q

Host of Nipah virus:

A

Mainly = swine
But also susceptible: dog, cat, humans

22
Q

Reservoir host for Nipah virus:

A

Flying fox, they are asymptomatic

23
Q

How are the pigs infected with Nipah virus?

A

The flying foxes eat the fruit and damages it, they fall down - containing the virus, and they are eaten by the pig.

24
Q

Pathogenesis of Nipah virus:

A
  1. Infection per os, inhalation can also happen
  2. There is a primary replication in the lymphoid tissue of the upper respiratory tract, causing a viraemia
  3. The viraemia spreads the virus and it will reach different body parts ⭢ especially lungs, and also CNS
  4. The primary target, the endothelial cells, are damages causing vasculitis
25
Q

Clinical signs of Nipah virus in pigs:

A
  1. Fever
  2. Cough
  3. Nasal discharge
  4. CNS symptoms: ataxia, spasms and paralysis
26
Q

Clinical signs of Nipah virus in dogs:

A

distemper like clinical signs

27
Q

Clinical signs of Nipah virus in cats:

A

Fever
Respiratory signs

28
Q

Pathological lesions of the Nipah virus:

A

Cannot see specific lesions for only Nipah virus

  1. Pneumonia
  2. Encephalitis
29
Q

Histopathological lesions of the Nipah virus:

A

Vascultis in the lungs and brain

30
Q

How to diagnose the Nipah virus:

A

We look at clinical signs, pathology and detection of antigen/antibodies

31
Q

Treatment for Nipah virus:

A

It is limited to supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms as they occur

32
Q

Prevention of Nipah virus:

A
  1. Avoid contact with the flying foxes
  2. Control of movement
  3. Quarantine
  4. If outbreak: stamping out !!
33
Q

How are humans infected with Nipah virus?

A

Infected by pigs, flying foxes or fruits infected with the virus

34
Q

Public health aspects of Nipah and hendra virus:

A
  1. They are ZOONOTIC !!
35
Q

Clinical signs in humans infected with the hendra virus:

A

Fever
Respiratory signs
Sometimes CNS symptoms

36
Q

Clinical signs in humans infected with the nipah virus:

A

Influenza-like symptoms
Spasms
Forced movements

CNS symptoms are RARE

37
Q

Treatment for humans infected with hendra or nipah virus:

A

Antiviral treatment: Ribavirin

Hyperimmune serum

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 3 (34 decks)

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